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Page "Ventral tegmental area" ¶ 27
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These and alterations
These are few and seemingly disjointed data, but they illustrate the important fact that fundamental alterations in conditioned reactions occur in a variety of states in which the hypothalamic balance has been altered by physiological experimentation, pharmacological action, or clinical processes.
These alterations included the removal of his tiny ears, 3 toes on each foot rather than four, enlarged central dorsal fins and a bulkier body.
These alterations include the chain length, or branching, or the tacticity.
These generally provide additional parameters to the player, or offer alterations to the overall timbre.
These alterations together lead to both endothelial dysfunction and coagulation disorder.
These buildings featured an innovative structural design that freed the interiors from support columns in order to allow future alterations of their floor plans.
These alterations serve to reduce player tedium that results from trekking through repetitive maze levels.
These alterations produced a book that conveyed disillusionment with the Revolution rather than the pseudo-revolutionary tactics of the Bolsheviks.
These buildings all represented Nash's continuing development of an asymmetrical and picturesque architectural style, that had begun during his years in Wales, at both Castle House Aberystwyth and his alterations to Hafod Uchtryd.
These alterations result in figures of speech.
These is considered an acceptable practice so long as those alterations are brought to light following the examination process.
These alterations were possibly an adaption on Menander's part to the Indian coins of the Bactrian Eucratides I, who had conquered the westernmost parts of the Indo-Greek kingdom, and are interpreted by Bopearachchi as an indication that Menander recaptured these western territories after the death of Eucratides. 5.
These include artificial saliva, pilocarpine, zinc supplementation, alterations in drug therapy, and alpha lipoic acid.
These and similar reports show a correlation between the amount of white matter alterations and the decline of psychomotor functions, reduced performance on attention and executive control.
These changes do not occur due to one factor within the coastal system, in fact there are numerous alterations that can occur within the coastal system that may affect the distribution and impact of longshore drift.
These mechanisms include modulation of the transcription factor NF-κB, inhibition of the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP1A1 ( although this may not be relevant to the CYP1A1-mediated bioactivation of the procarcinogen benzo ( a ) pyrene ), alterations in androgenic actions, and expression and activity of cyclooxygenase ( COX ) enzymes.
These maps became the basis for both prenatal and oncological fields to quickly move cytogenetics into the clinical lab where karyotyping allowed scientists to look for chromosomal alterations.
These can include the addition of flavoring agents ( such as vanilla extract or almond extract ) or dried fruit ( such as currants or dried cranberries ), as well as alterations to the original recipe to change the characteristics of the resulting pound cake.
These karyotypic alterations lead to changes in the phenotype, which is an adaptation strategy of this fungus.
These ice cores were analyzed for climatic changes as well as alterations of atmospheric chemicals.
These alterations are thought to have increased the vulnerability of the dam.
These alterations are fundamental in the process of inflammation amplification and progression to ARDS in mechanically ventilated patients.
These alterations can include: a sense that self or the world is unreal ( derealization and depersonalization ); a loss of memory ( amnesia ); forgetting identity or assuming a new self ( fugue ); and fragmentation of identity or self into separate streams of consciousness ( dissociative identity disorder, formerly termed multiple personality disorder ) and complex post-traumatic stress disorder.
These alterations included the addition of translucent domes and blinking lights at the forward ends of the engine nacelles, smaller domes at the stern end of the engine nacelles, a shorter bridge dome, and a smaller deflector / sensor dish.
These results were correlated to alterations in hormonal and metabolic activity.

These and neural
These questions include the patterning and regionalization of the nervous system, neural stem cells, differentiation of neurons and glia, neuronal migration, axonal and dendritic development, trophic interactions, and synapse formation.
These include models of the long-term, and short-term plasticity, of neural systems and their relations to learning and memory from the individual neuron to the system level.
These regions are all interconnected by means of complex neural pathways.
These include sensory neurons that transmute physical stimuli such as light and sound into neural signals, and motor neurons that transmute neural signals into activation of muscles or glands ; however in many species the great majority of neurons receive all of their input from other neurons and send their output to other neurons.
These sharp waves also determine the population neural activity patterns.
These data support the idea that non-breeding birds combine adrenal and / or gonadal DHEA synthesis with neural DHEA metabolism to maintain territorial behavior when gonadal testosterone secretion is low.
These experiments showed for the first time that there was a direct neural correlate of a mental process ( namely, enhanced firing in the superior colliculus ).
These conditions may share clinical features, genetic contributions, and possibly treatment response ; however, differences between trichotillomania and OCD are present in symptoms, neural function and cognitive profile.
In terms of development, the human nervous system is often classified based on the original 3 primitive vesicles from which it develops: These primary vesicles form in the normal development of the neural tube of the human fetus and initially include prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon, in rostral to caudal ( from head to toe ) orientation.
These processes are thought of as being independent of neural activity and sensory experience.
These are not derived from the neural crest, instead an outpouching of the neural tube generates the optic cup which, in turn, forms the retina.
These cell types are specified by the secretion of Shh from the notochord ( located ventrally to the neural tube ), and later from the floor plate cells.
These produce neural activity independent of the experimental manipulation.
These are the same neural mechanisms, however, engaged during the retrieval of emotional stimuli in the laboratory.
These connections are, unlike most artificial neural networks, sparse and most likely, specific.
These hyperstrings can be seen as formal counterparts of transient neural assemblies which signal their presence by firing synchronization of the neurons involved.
These facets are joined by a thin portion of the neural arch called the pars interarticularis.
These studies showed that the gene is required for normal development of the brain and spinal cord and that the morphological defects seen in mutant embryos, such as failure to close dorsal regions of the neural tube during development, appeared secondary to expansion of ventral and reduction of dorsal identities in the developing neural tube.
These incremental changes in vitro correspond to the distance of domains from the signaling tissue ( notochord and floor plate ) which subsequently differentiates into different neuronal subtypes as it occurs in vitro. Shh gradient and Gli activity in the vertebrate neural tube.
These neural calculations factor in prior length of strenuous exercise, the planned duration of further exertion, and the present metabolic state of the body.
These are developmentally staged objectives designed to restore optimal neural connectivity through a series of " discoveries " and " elaborations ".
These methods are excellent for measuring the time-course of neural events ( on the order of milliseconds ,) but generally bad at measuring where those events happen.

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