These groups were usually based on existing societal structures like villages, towns, parishes, and guilds.

These included the state itself ( the populus Romanus ), municipalities, and such private associations as sponsors of a religious cult, burial clubs, political groups, and guilds of craftsmen or traders.

These systems played a role in ending the guilds ' dominance, as trade secret methods were superseded by modern firms directly revealing their techniques, and counting on the state to enforce their legal monopoly.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

These policies abolished and prohibited monopolies and opened once closed and privileged unions, associations, and guilds, which he saw as impediments to commerce.

These forms of workshop or classes are also available in other countries in guilds and community colleges.

These vernacular religious performances were, in some of the larger cities in England such as York, performed and produced by guilds, with each guild taking responsibility for a particular piece of scriptural history.

These guilds may well be some of the oldest non-Abrahamic African centres of learning to remain as viable entities in the contemporary world.

These guilds include:

These guilds played a major economic role in Sion until the end of the Ancien Régime.

These guilds, whose members called themselves Rederijkers or " Rhetoricians ", were in almost all cases middle-class in tone, and opposed to aristocratic ideas and tendencies in thought.

These corporations were not popularly elected: characteristically they were self-selecting oligarchies, were nominated by tradesmen's guilds or were under the control of the lord of the manor.

These guilds define the general environment for the character.

These guilds were thought to have been modelled on the Orthodox Church brotherhoods as each guild was associated with a specific church.

These guilds then would take care of one church icon or purchase new religious ornaments for their affiliated church ( Kononenko, p. 568 – 9 ).

These models have been formulated in detail and include Awqaf for the funding of social welfare institutions, mosques and other public facilities ; markets governed by rules such as the prohibition of charging rent for market-space ; guilds as the natural form of professional organisation ; and caravans, representing the movement of goods from point of purchase to point of sale as opposed to monopoly distribution.

These two guilds eventually merged with the consent of the Lord Mayor of the City of London in 1502, forming the Worshipful Company of Painter-Stainers.

These data can be used to exclude possible alternatives ( such as neutron stars ).

These notions refer more to the kind of polynomials one is generally working with than to individual polynomials ; for instance when working with univariate polynomials one does not exclude constant polynomials ( which may result, for instance, from the subtraction of non-constant polynomials ), although strictly speaking constant polynomials do not contain any variables at all.

These concepts do not necessarily exclude each other.

: These essentially pagan readings of Botticelli's Birth of Venus should not exclude a more purely Christian one, which may be derived from the Neoplatonic reading of the painting indicated above.

These clients are unauthorized modifications of the Kazaa Media Desktop ( KMD ) application, which typically exclude malware and may provide additional features.

These include blood tests measuring TSH to exclude hypo-or hyperthyroidism, basic electrolytes and serum calcium to rule out a metabolic disturbance, full blood count including ESR to rule out a systemic infection or chronic disease, and serology to exclude syphilis or HIV infection ; two commonly ordered investigations are EEG to exclude epilepsy, and a CT scan of the head to exclude brain lesions.

These may include serum BSL if olanzapine has previously been prescribed, thyroid function if lithium has previously been taken to rule out hypothyroidism, liver function tests if chlorpromazine has been prescribed, and CPK levels to exclude neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

These moderators are given special privileges to delete or edit others ' contributions and / or exclude people based on their e-mail address or IP address, and generally attempt to remove negative contributions throughout the community.

These rooms were both heavily insulated to exclude external noises and internally anechoic — that is, they were designed not to produce any internal echoes or reverberation of sound at all.

These early 20th century collectors ' choices of what to include, what to exclude, and how to frame the repertoire all had an effect on how following generations have viewed the genre.

These figures exclude V / Line passengers that also use the station.

These contracts can be negotiated much more quickly than a typical competitive contract because there is no due-process but on the other hand, they are often fraught with suspicion that the company used illegal or immoral means to exclude competitors ( usually by cronyism or bribery ).

These generally include pulmonary function tests ; blood tests to exclude HIV, autoimmune diseases, and liver disease ; electrocardiography ( ECG ); arterial blood gas measurements ; X-rays of the chest ( followed by high-resolution CT scanning if interstitial lung disease is suspected ); and ventilation-perfusion or V / Q scanning to exclude chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

These include blood tests measuring TSH and thyroxine to exclude hypothyroidism ; basic electrolytes and serum calcium to rule out a metabolic disturbance ; and a full blood count including ESR to rule out a systemic infection or chronic disease.

These regimes are autocratic or oligarchic and exclude the upper and middle classes from power.

These Class S predictions constitute those parts of the new theory containing new truths and they therefore exclude a series of consequences of T, the failures in the old theory, which are part of the untrue ( false ) contents of the new theory ( Class F ).

These characteristics identify a more restricted subset of Berber than those previously mentioned, mainly northern Saharan varieties ; they exclude, for example, Chaoui and all but the easternmost Riff dialects.

These results exclude the possibilities of no increase in risk or that the risk is 2-3 times that for A-bomb survivors with a confidence level of 90 %.

These variously list the summit, the first Crinkle ( Crinkle Crags South Top ), and two tops on Shelter Crags ( Shelter Crags and Shelter Crags North Top ), but exclude the other three Crinkles.

These beliefs exclude civil and sacrificial temple laws, but includes the literal observance of the seventh-day Sabbath and the holy days of the Old Testament Jewish calendar, dietary restrictions ,, and the condemnation of homosexuality.

These short, `` streamlined '' meetings usually are sponsored by local banks, Chambers of Commerce, trade associations, or other civic organizations.

These cases in which light is already visible at the other end of the tunnel are ones which over the next few years will absorb the bulk of our capital assistance.

These amendments to the Vocational Rehabilitation Act were designed to help provide for more specialized rehabilitation facilities, for more sheltered and `` half-way '' workshops, for greater numbers of adequately trained personnel, for more comprehensive services to individuals ( particularly to the homebound and the blind ), and for other administrative improvements to increase the program's overall effectiveness.

These plans, like Du Pont's, contained provisions for passing the vote on Du Pont's General Motors shares on to the ultimate stockholders of Du Pont, Christiana, and Delaware, except that officers and directors of the three companies, their spouses, and other people living in their households, as well as other specified persons, were to be totally disenfranchised.

These destructive forces also have a seriously adverse effect upon the watersheds and their life-supporting waterflows, and upon the other renewable forest resources.

These publications may be secured as follows: The Annual Catalog from the Director of Admissions and other issues from the Publications Office.

These are becoming more and more available through the work of counties and other government agencies.

These reports refer to a level of secondary prevention in a child guidance clinic approached by the customary route of voluntary referral by the family or by other professional people.

From here they proceeded to ( 3 ) These same areas in relation to their own future family life stages, developing these to the extent of examining various crises which could be expected to confront them at some time or other.

These things have been disseminated by other means, but always in the wake of extensive publication of analytic results.

These dates are virtually the only clues we have to the chronology of the poems, since the separate volumes are neither chronological within themselves nor in relation to each other.

These two values and the rake angle **yc are sufficient to determine the other parameters of these relationships.

These courses develop skills other than those we think of when we use the adjective `` academic ''.

These and other figures and comments have been reported in a special supplement of Sponsor magazine, a trade publication for radio and TV advertisers.

These protists live as individual amoebae until starved, at which point they aggregate and form a multicellular fruiting body in which some cells sacrifice themselves to promote the survival of other cells in the fruiting body.

These structures are intimately related to social attachment and bonding in other species.

These dates are older than dates associated with most other proto-languages.

These three differ from each other in the way they treat vowels: abjads have letters for consonants and leave most vowels unexpressed ; abugidas are also consonant-based, but indicate vowels with diacritics to or a systematic graphic modification of the consonants.

These finishes protect the adobe wall from water damage, but need to be reapplied periodically, or the walls can be finished with other nontraditional plasters providing longer protection.

These are equivalent in the sense that, in the presence of other basic axioms of set theory, they imply the axiom of choice and are implied by it.

These metals were also used to strengthen each other, for more practical purposes.

These applets must run either in a container provided by a host program, through a plugin, or a variety of other applications including mobile devices that support the applet programming model.

These and most other cities and large towns are now connected with asphalt-paved roads, while smaller towns are often connected by dirt roads, which may require a four-wheel-drive vehicle.

These trees differ from the birches ( Betula, the other genus in the family ) in that the female catkins are woody and do not disintegrate at maturity, opening to release the seeds in a similar manner to many conifer cones.