These trees differ from the birches ( Betula, the other genus in the family ) in that the female catkins are woody and do not disintegrate at maturity, opening to release the seeds in a similar manner to many conifer cones.

These tests consist in opening an assembly of two beams by applying a force at the ends of the two beams.

These reforms were largely directed against John Wycliff, mentioned in the opening session, and condemned in the eighth, 4 May 1415 and Jan Hus, and their followers.

The Hebrew title is taken from the opening phrase Eleh ha-devarim, " These are the words ..."; the English title is from a Greek mis-translation of the Hebrew phrase mishneh ha-torah ha-zoth, " a copy of this law ", in, as to deuteronomion touto-" this second law ".

These doors have an operating range of slightly over 90 degrees, so their use is limited to where they come into contact with a side wall when fully open ( or where they can be prevented from opening too far by a doorstop ).

These often opened with the show's main title logo within the teaser scene ; from season four onward, the show began using an anthropomorphic version of the logo in the opening scenes, using various animations.

These channels are also sensitive to the cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP, which alter the voltage sensitivity of the channel ’ s opening.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

These features changed over time, opening the door to the doctrine of stare decisis:

These instruments can also play all the sharps and flats, with a special technique of both tilting the pipes and jaw movement, thus reducing the size of the pipe's opening and producing a change in pitch.

These restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock-ins.

These swords have been variously dated to times between 1700 – 1400 BC, but were probably used more notably in the opening centuries of the 1st millennium BC.

These bids are commonly referred to as " drop dead bids ", as the opening NT bidder is requested to withdraw from the auction.

These missions had varied success, but the final two unmanned missions — Korabl-Sputnik 4 and Korabl-Sputnik 5 — were outright successes, opening the door for a manned flight.

These are generally considered to be the opening shots of World War Two.

These medals won in Europe increased the demand for Steinway pianos, thus the reason the family looked into opening a store in London.

These indications may be fulfilled by opening either a vein or an artery.

These imperial robes consist of a number of tunics and cloaks, of scarlet cloth heavy embroidered in gold and including an elbow length cape with a deeply scalloped edge, fringed in gold ( the scallops on either side of the opening on the front being particularly long, giving them the appearance of a western priest's stole ) and two large squares of scarlet cloth similarly heavily embroidered and fringed in gold attached to each shoulder.

These initials lend themselves to phrase after phrase throughout the book ; for example, appearing in the book's opening sentence as " Howth Castle and Environs ".

These bays connect with the funnel-shaped opening to the Barents Sea via a narrow strait called " gorlo " (, meaning " throat ").

These two car units ran along the Bloor Street route only and ceased operations after the opening of the Bloor – Danforth subway line.

These gates close in the evening, and students who like to get out after this have created an alternate opening known as Scholar's Entry.

These years were also when D-Mark set the opening of his new record label project DanceDP Recordings.

These bombardment groups went on to participate in decisive raids over Germany as part of Eighth Air Force opening the door for Allied daylight precision bombing.

These reservations, along with all but the Osage Reservation in northeastern Oklahoma, were dismantled by the allotment of tribal lands to individual members, and the opening of the " excess " lands to settlement, in a series of land openings.

These programs are volumes of waste paper and lost hours if the citizens of a community must stand aside while land developers tell them when, where, and in what manner the community shall grow.

These observations led him to suspect that the flea might be an intermediary factor in the transmission of plague, since people acquired plague only if they were in contact with recently dead rats, who had died less than 24 hours before.

These were the key discoveries that made all non-live or non live-on-videotape narrative motion pictures and television possible — that shots ( in this case whole scenes since each shot is a complete scene ) can be photographed at widely different locations over a period of time ( hours, days or even months ) and combined into a narrative whole.

These particles can hit the Earth within 15 minutes to 2 hours of the solar flare.

These are sometimes described as intercalary, although the word intercalation strictly applies only to periods of 24 hours or longer.

These high-hour ceilings, combined with a competitive job market, often motivate American workers to work more hours than required.

These exams last up to three hours, and may cover any required or elective course offered by the major department.

These rooms are available for as little as four hours, and minors are excluded from these establishments.

These RNA molecules are chemically and thermodynamically stable, able to remain intact in the mouse body for more than 8 hours and to resist degradation by RNase in the blood stream.

These locations are selected for their cold hard winters that kill pests and long sunshine hours in the summer for optimum growth.

These pellets remain intact for up to six hours in the stomach ; the bacteria within continue to digest the plant carbohydrates.

These programs might take hours, or even weeks, to run.

These signs and symptoms may progress to severe weakness within hours.

These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation, by for example the " Short Time Committees " in 1831, a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11 – 18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9 – 11 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine should no longer be permitted to work.

These systems made it easy to quickly edit hours of video footage into a usable form, something that had been very difficult to do before.

These bus services were improved in frequency and spread in 2007 to complement the western extension of the London congestion charge area, which required vehicles driving into or around Kensington in charging hours Monday-Friday to pay a daily fee of £ 8.

These ceremonies could carry on for hours, days, or even weeks, leading up the eventual summoning of spirits.

These appear thirty minutes to two hours after consumption.

These panic attacks, defined by the APA as fear or discomfort that abruptly arises and peaks in less than ten minutes, can last for several hours and can be triggered by stress, fear, or even exercise ; the specific cause is not always apparent.

These symptoms generally last from 24 to 48 hours, but have been reported in some cases to last as long as 2 weeks.

These spectral type A stars vary by about 0. 2 – 2 magnitudes ( 20 % to over 500 % change in luminosity ) over a period of several hours to a day or more.

These binary systems usually have orbital periods of under 2. 5 hours.

These factors caused the typical work week to decline from 70 hours in the early 19th century to 60 hours late in the century, then to 50 hours in the early 20th century and finally to 40 hours in the mid 1930's.