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These RNA molecules are chemically and thermodynamically stable, able to remain intact in the mouse body for more than 8 hours and to resist degradation by RNase in the blood stream.
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These and RNA
These play a dual role of a site of recognition by many proteins and as a sink for torsional stress from RNA polymerase or nucleosome binding.
These include transcription, RNA splicing, translation, and post-translational modification which are used to control the chemical and structural nature of proteins.
These sequences are recognized by spliceosomal RNA molecules when the splicing reactions are initiated.
These complex architectures allow some group I and group II introns to be self-splicing, that is, the intron-containing RNA molecule can rearrange its own covalent structure so as to precisely remove the intron and link the exons together in the correct order.
These hydroxyl groups make RNA less stable than DNA because it is more prone to hydrolysis.
These so-called non-coding RNAs (" ncRNA ") can be encoded by their own genes ( RNA genes ), but can also derive from mRNA introns.
These limitations do not make use of RNA as an information storage system impossible, simply energy intensive ( to repair or replace damaged RNA molecules ) and prone to mutation.
These inserts are transcribed by enzymes of the host into new RNA molecules that enter the cytosol.
These are not currently classified as RNA viruses and are described on their own pages.
These proposals were based on an analysis of the RNA polymerases and are still under consideration.
These prematurely terminate translation if the corresponding frame-shift ( such as due to a ribosomal RNA slip ) occurs before the hidden stop.
These studies have contributed much to our understanding of the regulation of gene expression, transcription factors, and the sigma factor subunits of RNA polymerase.
These genes are most often turned on or off by signal transduction, although in some systems where syncytia or gap junctions are important, RNA may spread directly to other cells or nuclei by diffusion.
These are segments of DNA or RNA that are designed as complementary molecule to critical sections of viral genomes, and the binding of these antisense segments to these target sections blocks the operation of those genomes.
These loci are the so-called silent mating type loci ( HML and HMR ), the rDNA ( encoding ribosomal RNA ), and the sub-telomeric regions.
These RNA strands must later be replaced with DNA.
These are incorporated into the growing chain during RNA and / or DNA synthesis.
These have been replaced in recent times largely by DNA sequencing, which produces the exact sequences of nucleotides or bases in either DNA or RNA segments extracted using different techniques.
These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ), transfer RNA ( tRNA ) or small nuclear RNA ( snRNA ) genes, the product is a functional RNA.
These include 5 ' capping, which is set of enzymatic reactions that add 7-methylguanosine ( m < sup > 7 </ sup > G ) to the 5 ' end of pre-mRNA and thus protect the RNA from degradation by exonucleases.
These and molecules
These molecules mark the cell for phagocytosis by cells possessing the appropriate receptors, such as macrophages.
These techniques allowed for the discovery and detailed analysis of many molecules and metabolic pathways of the cell, such as glycolysis and the Krebs cycle ( citric acid cycle ).
These molecules tend to be used as markers and signals, as well as having some other uses.
These molecules recognize specific reactant molecules called substrates ; they then catalyze the reaction between them.
These other types of substances, such as ionic compounds and network solids, are organized in such a way as to lack the existence of identifiable molecules per se.
These cylindrical carbon molecules have unusual properties, which are valuable for nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science and technology.
These were however used as abbreviations in diagrams or procedures ; there was no concept of atoms combining to form molecules.
These methods can be applied to proteins and other large biological molecules, and allow studies of the approach and interaction ( docking ) of potential drug molecules ( e. g. and ).
These pores cross both of the membranes, providing a channel that allows free movement of small molecules and ions.
These atomic orbitals are known to have specific angular relationships between each other, and thus the valence bond model can successfully predict the bond angles observed in simple molecules.
These perturbations result in different arrangement of electrons in the excited state of the involved molecules and therefore in different effects.
These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.
These and similar names for the ends of the carotenoid molecules form the basis of a systematic naming scheme, according to which:
These pores are about 120 nm in diameter and regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm, permitting some to pass through the membrane, but not others.
These synthetic molecules can be used not only in medicine, but in creation of new materials.
These channels are gated so they can open and close, thus regulating the flow of ions or small polar molecules.
These techniques, generally known as recombinant DNA technology, use DNA molecules from different sources, which are combined into one molecule to create a new set of genes.
These interactions tend to align the molecules to increase the attraction ( reducing potential energy ).
These porins form channels that allow molecules 5000 Daltons or less in molecular weight to freely diffuse from one side of the membrane to the other.
These energy-rich molecules are produced within the matrix via the citric acid cycle but are also produced in the cytoplasm by glycolysis.
These forms are called furanoses and pyranoses, respectively — by analogy with furan and pyran, the simplest compounds with the same carbon-oxygen ring ( although they lack the double bonds of these two molecules ).
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