These capacitors are biased above the threshold for inversion when image acquisition begins, allowing the conversion of incoming photons into electron charges at the semiconductor-oxide interface ; the CCD is then used to read out these charges.

These are accelerated by an electrostatic field where they strike a phosphor coated screen, converting the electrons back into photons.

These include photon scanning microscopy ( PSTM ), which uses an optical tip to tunnel photons ; scanning tunneling potentiometry ( STP ), which measures electric potential across a surface ; spin polarized scanning tunneling microscopy ( SPSTM ), which uses a ferromagnetic tip to tunnel spin-polarized electrons into a magnetic sample, and atomic force microscopy ( AFM ), in which the force caused by interaction between the tip and sample is measured.

These photons in turn produce high energy free electrons by Compton scattering at altitudes between ( roughly ) 20 and 40 km.

These orbits must classically decay to smaller circles when they emit photons.

These atoms then return to their ground state by emitting photons which can in turn produce further ionisation and hence cause spurious secondary pulse discharges.

These systems combine a photovoltaic cell, which converts electromagnetic radiation ( photons ) into electricity, with a solar thermal collector, which captures the remaining energy and removes waste heat from the PV module.

These detectors multiply the current produced by incident light by as much as 100 million times ( i. e., 160 dB ), in multiple dynode stages, enabling ( for example ) individual photons to be detected when the incident flux of light is very low.

These far-field waves, for which E is ( in the limit of long distance ) equal to cB, are composed of real photons.

These are the photons we detect today as cosmic microwave background radiation ( CMBR ).

These emitted photons form the element's emission spectrum.

These sensitive instruments can record the image nearly down to the level of individual photons, and can be designed to view in parts of the spectrum that are invisible to the eye.

These interactions may change the types of particles present ( e. g. if an electron and a positron annihilate they may produce two photons ).

These instruments operate by converting the incident light ( consisting of photons ) into a stream of electrons which are then deflected onto a photoanode, back into photons, which can then be recorded onto either film or CCD.

These virtual photons are undetectable, since their existence violates the conservation of energy and momentum, and hence FRET is known as a radiationless mechanism.

These photons may be in parallel or perpendicular planes of linear polarization and in these two modes measure the

Case ( 1 ) corresponds to the measurement of the electric polarizability via two parallel electric field vectors E. These parallel electric field vectors may either be provided as longitudinal photons by the Coulomb field of a heavy nucleus, or by Compton scattering in the forward

These peaks are due to re-emitted photons that are higher in energy than the incident photons.

These photons would propagate at less than the speed of light defined by special relativity and have three directions of polarization.

These photons may have any velocity, including velocities greater than the speed of light.

It may surprise you that there is an amplitude for a photon to go at speeds faster or slower than the conventional speed, c ." These virtual photons, however, do not violate causality or special relativity, as they are not directly observable and information cannot be transmitted acausally in the theory.

These two equations for the constants of motion L ( angular momentum ) and E ( energy ) can be combined to form one equation that is true even for photons and other massless particles for which the proper time along a geodesic is zero.

These are just another couple of characters to roll.

These men are not callous.

These things are important to almost all Persians and perhaps most important to the most ordinary.

These are traversed by another line of vaults, and thus rooms, arched on all four sides, are formed.

These songs ( practically all Persian music, for that matter ) are limited to a range of two octaves.

These are not, however, differences in federal structure.

These my grandmother left in their places ( they are still there, more persistent and longer-lived than the generations of man ) and planted others like them, that flourished without careful tending.

These are like the initial ways in which the world forces itself upon the self and thrusts the self into decision and choice.

These are suggestive of Selma Lagerlof.

These assumptions lead to an organization with one man at the top, six directly under him, six under each of these, and so on until there are six levels of personnel.

These ways are absolutely irreconcilable because they offer two different recipes for man's redemption from chaos.

These responses are explicable in terms of characteristics inherent in the crisis.

These discoveries are of present interest chiefly to the scientific community ; ;

These are personality factors ; ;

These are, if the research is done with subtlety and skill, researchable topics, but the research is missing.

These moments are historical events in the lives of individual authors with which the student of comparative literature must be frequently concerned.

These lives are in themselves outside of the moral order and are unburdened with moral responsibility.

These conceptions and the manner in which they were transposed into poetry or engendered by poetic form are intrinsic to western life from the time of Aeschylus to that of Shakespeare.

These biographical analogies are obvious, and far too much time has been spent speculating on their possible implications.

These women whose organization grew out of the old suffrage movement are dedicated to Thomas Jefferson's dictum that one must cherish the people's spirit but `` Keep alive their attention ''.

These are, of course, the same people whose support he has only now rejected to seek the independent vote.

These are New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey, Illinois and Minnesota.

These men are spenders.