These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

These courts were extinguished when the state was reorganized into the United States District Courts for the Eastern and Western Districts of North Carolina.

These lands accounted for approximately a quarter of the land area of Japan and were reorganized into prefectures with governors appointed directly by the central government.

These strategic, coastal, and tactical units provided the model upon which British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, American President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and their staffs reorganized the Allied air forces in the North African and Mediterranean Theater of Operations ( MTO ) at the Casablanca Conference in January 1943.

These 265 local districts had their cult organised around the Lares Compitales ( deities of the crossroads ) but the Emperor Augustus " reorganized the cult into a worship of the Lares Augusti along with the Genius Augusti ".

These reforms finally came to the empire during the Tanzimat period of 1839 – 1876, when much of the Ottoman system was reorganized along largely French lines.

These professionals do not collectively bargain and can only do so if the doctors have reorganized under a single tax ID number which is not an IPA model.

These states, along with Perak, were later reorganized into the Federated Malay States.

These Districts were again reorganized on August 7, 1848.

These Districts were again reorganized on August 7, 1848.

These Districts were again reorganized on August 7, 1848.

These farms were legally reorganized as common stock companies, limited liability partnerships, or agricultural production cooperatives and turned over, usually in their entirety, to the joint ownership of agricultural workers and pensioners.

These components were reorganized into the Railway Branch and the Canal Branch, respectively.

These names disappeared after 1847, when the British Captain Henry Kellett reorganized the British Admiralty charts, in the process removing the " pro-American " names given by Wilkes and affirming pro-British names and Spanish names.

These two regiments, some 70 years later, were to be reorganized to form The Lorne Scots ( Peel, Dufferin and Halton Regiment ).

These peoples, desperately hoping to lift themselves to decent levels of living must not, by our neglect, be forced to seek help from, and finally become virtual satellites of, those who proclaim their hostility to freedom.

These lives are in themselves outside of the moral order and are unburdened with moral responsibility.

These dates are virtually the only clues we have to the chronology of the poems, since the separate volumes are neither chronological within themselves nor in relation to each other.

These announcements are, in effect, advertisements for themselves as thriving marriage marts.

These are the wines the French themselves use for everyday drinking, for even in France virtually no one drinks the Grands Crus on a meal-to-meal basis.

These protists live as individual amoebae until starved, at which point they aggregate and form a multicellular fruiting body in which some cells sacrifice themselves to promote the survival of other cells in the fruiting body.

These art pieces often served a liturgical function, whether as chalices or even as church buildings themselves.

These leagues did not consider themselves " minor " – a term that did not come into vogue until St. Louis Cardinals GM Branch Rickey pioneered the farm system in the 1930s.

These areas are grouped around asterisms ( which themselves are generally referred to in non-technical language as " constellations "), which are patterns formed by prominent stars within apparent proximity to one another on Earth's night sky.

These anthropologists continue to concern themselves with the distinct ways people in different locales experience and understand their lives, but they often argue that one cannot understand these particular ways of life solely from a local perspective ; they instead combine a focus on the local with an effort to grasp larger political, economic, and cultural frameworks that impact local lived realities.

These are also called reprises or run-ins by many and in today's circus they are an art form in themselves, originally they were bits of " business " usually parodying the act that had preceded it.

These uniting congregations were themselves the result of several previous unions.

These six would have to establish from among themselves Umar's successor.

# Leadership challenge: These are persons who dispute the authority and legitimacy of the head of the religion and advance claims either for themselves or for another.

These summaries may either form the basis of the initial description of the data as part of a more extensive statistical analysis, or they may be sufficient in and of themselves for a particular investigation.

These ratings can be found on the discs themselves or from the manufacturer's web site.

These terms by themselves are not very precise, and many subtle intermediate cases exist.

These pads make no significant sound themselves, but purely trigger the electronic sound, and are played with the same drum sticks as other drum kit components.

These micro-organisms keep pathogens in check by creating an environment toxic for themselves and other micro-organisms by producing acid or alcohol.

These were not political parties as that term is understood today, but groups clustered around one or more beliefs, some of the believers attaching themselves to more than one group.

These may include source code, in the case of open source software, so that users can make any required or desired changes themselves.

These writers point to numerous guerrilla conflicts that center around religious, ethnic or even criminal enterprise themes, and that do not lend themselves to the classic " national liberation " template.

These people pioneered the first sedentary settlements, and may have supported themselves from fishing, and from the harvest of wild grains plentiful in the region at that time.

These included Germans who had collaborated with Germany before the war, but also those who considered themselves German but had been neutral ; those who were partially " Polonized " but " Germanizable "; and Germans who were of Polish nationality.

These invasions would have constituted movements of a relatively small number of people who established themselves as a warrior elite at the top of pre-existing native systems, rather than any kind of total wipeout.

These provinces may take the form of national churches ( such as in Canada, Uganda, or Japan ) or a collection of nations ( such as the West Indies, Central Africa, or Southeast Asia ).

These conferences demonstrated that the bishops of disparate churches could manifest the unity of the church in their episcopal collegiality despite the absence of universal legal ties.

These churches at first used and then revised the use of the Prayer Book, until they, like their parent, produced prayer books which took into account the developments in liturgical study and practice in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which come under the general heading of the Liturgical Movement.

These six churches, while being in communion with each other are completely independent hierarchically.

These churches are generally not in communion with Eastern Orthodox Churches with whom they are in dialogue for erecting a communion.

These churches also often have a dome or other large vaulted space in the interior to represent or draw attention to the heavens.

These readings are the weekly Lesson-Sermon, which is read aloud at all Sunday services in all Christian Science churches worldwide, and is studied by individuals at home throughout the preceding week.

These are promoted at churches and via religious media.

These include the United Church of Canada, and the United Church of Christ., all German Lutheran, reformed and united churches in EKD, all Swiss reformed churches, the Protestant Church in the Netherlands, the Church of Denmark, the Church of Sweden, the Church of Iceland and the Church of Norway.

These three churches remain in full communion with each other and with the other Oriental Orthodox churches.

These gentile churches developed along a different trajectory from the Christian circles that grew out of Jewish synagogues.

These organizations are in full communion with each other, so any priest of any of those churches may lawfully minister to any member of any of them, and no member of any is excluded from any form of worship in any of the others, including reception of the Eucharist.

These missions tended to found monastic institutions and collegiate churches that served large areas.

These churches gained strength in the Evangelical Revival of the later 18th century.

These groups include the ' Brethren ' ( often both ' Open ' and ' Exclusive '), the Churches of Christ, Mennonites, Primitive Baptists, and certain Reformed churches, although during the last century or so, several of these, such as the Free Church of Scotland have abandoned this stance.

These are now independent and many of them are stronger than the former " mother " churches.

These churches also tend to retain the social activism of their evangelical forebears of the 19th century, placing particular emphasis on those teachings of scripture that teach compassion for the poor and concern for social justice.

These churches are not in communion with the Holy See of Rome, but their Union of Utrecht of Old Catholic Churches is in full communion with the Anglican Communion and a member of the World Council of Churches.

These churches see no foundation to papal claims of universal immediate jurisdiction, or to claims of papal infallibility.

These musicians were highly sought throughout Europe, particularly in Italy, where churches and aristocratic courts hired them as composers and teachers.

These churches, whose buildings may still be seen today in many New England town squares, trace their roots to the division of the Puritan colonies into parishes for the administration of their religious needs.

These small congregations belonged, however, to more formal associations of churches.

These denominations include the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox church, the Methodist Church, and many other mainline denominations, such as the Reformed Church in America and the American Baptist Church, as well as Conservative Evangelical organizations and churches, such as the Evangelical Alliance, and fundamentalist groups and churches, such as the Southern Baptist Convention.