In eighteenth and nineteenth century Europe, same-sex sexual behaviour and cross-dressing were widely considered to be socially unacceptable, and were serious crimes under sodomy and sumptuary laws.

These historians were generally unsympathetic to John's behaviour under Richard's rule, but slightly more positive towards the very earliest years of John's reign.

However, this model has now been superseded, as through the study of lipid polymorphism it is now known that the behaviour of lipids under physiological ( and other ) conditions is not simple.

The classical theory of elasticity deals with the behaviour of elastic solids under small deformations, for which ,( 1 ) according to Hooke's Law, stress is directly proportional to the strain — but independent of the rate of strain, or how fast the deformation was applied, and ( 2 ) the strains are completely recoverable once the stress is removed.

These behaviour are, of course, generally observed for ideal materials under ideal conditions, although the behaviour of many solids approaches Hooke's law for infinitesimal strains, and that of many fluids approaches Newton's law for infinitesimal rates of strain.

* Plasticity is the behaviour observed after the material is subjected to a yield stress :</ br > A material that behaves as a solid under low applied stresses may start to flow above a certain level of stress, called the yield stress of the material.

The flow behaviour of liquids under applied stress is of great relevance in the field of pharmacy.

Viscoelastic behaviour reflects the combined viscous and elastic responses, under mechanical stress, of materials which are intermediate between liquids and solids in character.

Harsanyi claimed that his theory is indebted to Adam Smith, who equated the moral point of view with that of an impartial but sympathetic observer ; to Kant who insisted on the criterion of universality and which may also be described as a criterion of reciprocity ; to the classical utilitarians who made maximising social utility the basic criterion of morality ; and to ‘ the modern theory of rational behaviour under risk and uncertainty, usually described as Bayesian decision theory ’.

The choice of a coordinate system doesn't affect the properties of a vector or its behaviour under transformations.

A load test is usually conducted to understand the behaviour of the system under a specific expected load.

It is a tool to virtually investigate the behaviour of the system under study.

De Waal has warned of the danger of romanticizing bonobos: " All animals are competitive by nature and cooperative only under specific circumstances " and that " when first writing about their behaviour, I spoke of ' sex for peace ' precisely because bonobos had plenty of conflicts.

The more general results were obtained later by the statistician David A. Freedman who published in two seminal research papers in 1963 and 1965 when and under what circumstances the asymptotic behaviour of posterior is guaranteed.

* Arrow, Kenneth J., 1959a, " Functions of a theory of behaviour under uncertainty ," Metroeconomica, 11: 12-20

Since a decision was expected from England, and feeling that Bligh's behaviour had been insufferable, Foveaux left Bligh under house arrest and turned his attention to improving the colony's roads, bridges and public buildings, which he felt had been badly neglected.

The major results motivating this are Parovicenko's theorems, essentially characterising its behaviour under the assumption of the continuum hypothesis.

Jan van Mill has described as a ' three headed monster ' — the three heads being a smiling and friendly head ( the behaviour under the assumption of the continuum hypothesis ), the ugly head of independence which constantly tries to confuse you ( determining what behaviour is possible in different models of set theory ), and the third head is the smallest of all ( what you can prove about it in ZFC ).< ref > It has relatively recently been observed that this characterisation isn't quite right-there is in fact a fourth head of, in which forcing axioms and Ramsey type axioms give properties of almost diametrically opposed to those under the continuum hypothesis, giving very few maps from indeed.

Reinforced concrete may also be permanently stressed ( in compression ), so as to improve the behaviour of the final structure under working loads.

Developed by Andrey Kolmogorov, Vladimir Arnold and Jürgen Moser, this theorem stated the conditions under which a system of partial differential equations will have only mildly chaotic behaviour under small perturbations.

The threadbare notion that belief, unlike behaviour, is not subject to objective analysis, has placed intuitive metaphysics squarely against the sociology of knowledge, since it is precisely the job of the sociology of knowledge to treat beliefs as social facts no less viable than social behaviour.

Little is known of the territorial behaviour of caecilians but some frogs and salamanders defend home ranges.

In frogs, male territorial behaviour is often observed at breeding locations and calling is both an announcement of ownership of part of this resource and an advertisement call to potential mates.

In the modern IUPAC nomenclature, the alkali metals comprise the group 1 elements, excluding hydrogen ( H ), which is nominally a group 1 element but not normally considered to be an alkali metal as it rarely exhibits behaviour comparable to that of the alkali metals.

Central to his behaviour in the later novels is the underlying assumption that particular crimes are only committed by particular types of people.

Amino acids have zero mobility in electrophoresis at their isoelectric point, although this behaviour is more usually exploited for peptides and proteins than single amino acids.

There is some evidence of gregarious behaviour in other tyrannosaurids as well.

However, as the preservation of behaviour in the fossil record is exceedingly rare, these ideas cannot readily be tested.

Summoned on 27 August 1695 before the Kirk Session for his " undecent carriage " ( indecent behaviour ) in church, he " did not comper, having gone away to be seas: this business is continued till his return ".

As an example of different chemical behaviour, ozone ( O < sub > 3 </ sub >) is a much stronger oxidizing agent than dioxygen ( O < sub > 2 </ sub >).

A systematic 2003 review of controlled clinical trials related to the Alexander Technique found two reputable studies suggesting the Alexander Technique is effective in reducing the disability of patients suffering from Parkinson ’ s disease and improving pain behaviour and disability in patients with back pain, and concluded that the evidence supporting the effectiveness of the Alexander Technique is encouraging but not convincing.

Aesthetic ethics refers to the idea that human conduct and behaviour ought to be governed by that which is beautiful and attractive.

John Dewey has pointed out that the unity of aesthetics and ethics is in fact reflected in our understanding of behaviour being " fair "-the word having a double meaning of attractive and morally acceptable.

Thombs ( 1999 ) states according to behavioural sciences alcoholism is described as a “ maladaptive behaviour ”.

Thinking in abstractions is considered to be one of the key traits in modern human behaviour, which is believed to have developed between 50, 000 and 100, 000 years ago, probably before the modern human exodus from Africa.

* Specimen geometry is uncontrolled, yet controls projection behaviour, hence little control over the magnification.

It is sometimes described as having a torrent-like behaviour, because it can easily go from almost dry to near-flood in a few days.

The specification is vague as to required behaviour in scatternets.

The population shunned them, the soldiers treated them the same, and the behaviour of Siyyid Muhammad-i-Isfahani ( an Azali ) did not help matters.

This assumption is related to, but is not the same as, the above used assumption that the pressure of the body of calorimetric material is known as a function of its volume and temperature ; anomalous behaviour of materials can affect this relation.

" Ownby says the seeming unfairness of manifest inequities can then be explained, at the same time allowing a space for moral behaviour in spite of them.

* Toy model, a simplified system that illustrates or exhibits the same behaviour as the more complex, general system

Along the same lines, David Baron of Stanford GSB presents a game-theoretic model of mass media behaviour in which, given that the pool of journalists systematically leans towards the left or the right, mass media outlets maximise their profits by providing content that is biased in the same direction.

A profession has been further defined as: " a special type of occupation ...( possessing ) corporate solidarity ... prolonged specialized training in a body of abstract knowledge, and a collectivity or service orientation ... a vocational sub-culture which comprises implicit codes of behaviour, generates an esprit de corps among members of the same profession, and ensures them certain occupational advantages ...( also ) bureaucratic structures and monopolistic privileges to perform certain types of work ... professional literature, legislation, etc.

Diverse systems with the same critical exponents — that is, which display identical scaling behaviour as they approach criticality — can be shown, via renormalization group theory, to share the same fundamental dynamics.

Robinson shows that ecological correlations, where the statistical object is a group of persons ( i. e. an ethnic group ), does not show the same behaviour as individual correlations, where the objects of inquiry are individuals: " The relation between ecological and individual correlations which is discussed in this paper provides a definite answer as to whether ecological correlations can validly be used as substitutes for individual correlations.

The customer wants that fault fixed, but the vendor has to maintain that faulty state, even across newer revisions of the same product, because that behaviour is a de-facto standard and many more customers would have to pay the price of any break in interoperability caused by fixing the original problem and introducing new behaviour.

He does not explicitly acknowledge any anticipation of his demonstration of electrostatic repulsion by the latter but, as he quotes a passage from the same page, could not have been unaware that, in a discussion of the nature of electrical attraction, Cabeo had written ( Philosophia Magnetica p. 192 ): " When we see that small bodies ( corpuscula ) are lifted ( sublevari et attolli ) above the amber and also fall back to the motionless amber, it cannot be said that such erratic behaviour ( talem matum-but if " matum " is taken as a misprint for " motum ", then the translation is simply " such motion ") is an attraction by the gravity of the attracting body.

The same concepts are known in more general mathematics as stochastic convergence and they formalize the idea that a sequence of essentially random or unpredictable events can sometimes be expected to settle down into a behaviour that is essentially unchanging when items far enough into the sequence are studied.

All versions of Apple's operating systems had the same behaviour, until Mac OS X version 10. 6, which now uses Megabytes for all file and disk sizes, so it reports a 10 < sup > 6 </ sup > byte file as 1 MB.

However, a hypothetical gene that prompts behaviour which enhances the fitness of relatives but lowers that of the individual displaying the behavior, may nonetheless increase in frequency, because relatives often carry the same gene.

In behaviour, it is similar to a Common Redstart, frequently flicking its tail in the same manner, and regularly flying from a perch to catch insects in the air or on the ground.

Pheromones have evolved in all animal phyla, to signal sex and dominance status, and are responsible for stereotypical social and sexual behaviour among members of the same species.

In order to contain disruptive behaviour, local authorities began to place ' problem families ' in the same blocks ; Hanley argues that this policy only led to ' further alienation … nihilism and a creeping sense of lawlessness '.

She states that she aimed for uniqueness in her dress, thoughts and behaviour, and remarks that she disliked wearing the same fashions as other women.

In general, there is no reason to suppose that the geological processes that shape terrain on large scales ( for example plate tectonics ) exhibit the same mathematical behaviour as those that shape terrain on smaller scales ( for instance soil creep ).

Real landscapes also have varying statistical behaviour from place to place, so for example sandy beaches don't exhibit the same fractal properties as mountain ranges.

While seabirds vary greatly in lifestyle, behaviour and physiology, they often exhibit striking convergent evolution, as the same environmental problems and feeding niches have resulted in similar adaptations.