But the fences were still in place fifty-odd years ago, and when we stood on the gate to look over, the sidewalk under our eyes was not cement but two rows of paving stones with grass between and on both sides.

This method was demonstrated with an adobe blend heavily impregnated with cement to allow even drying and prevent major cracking.

The houses were built of unmortared stone, which means that no cement or mortar was used to hold the stones together.

The Calendar of Saints states that her first husband was poisoned by the holder of real power, his successor, Berengar of Ivrea, who attempted to cement his political power by forcing her to marry his son, Adalbert ; when she refused and fled, she was tracked down and imprisoned for four months at Como.

Brick and mortar bridges were built after the Roman era, as the technology for cement was lost then later rediscovered.

The difference between the two is that the Solkan Bridge was built from stone blocks, whereas the Friedensbrücke was built from a mixture of crushed stone and cement mortar.

A method for producing Portland cement was patented by Joseph Aspdin on 1824.

English masonry worker Joseph Aspdin patented Portland cement in 1824 ; it was named because of its similarity in color to Portland limestone, quarried from the English Isle of Portland and used extensively in London architecture.

The word " cement " traces to the Romans, who used the term opus caementicium to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder.

The technical knowledge of making hydraulic cement was later formalized by French and British engineers in the 18th century.

Most famous was Parker's " Roman cement ".

It was, in fact, nothing like any material used by the Romans, but was a " Natural cement " made by burning septaria – nodules that are found in certain clay deposits, and that contain both clay minerals and calcium carbonate.

In 1824, Joseph Aspdin patented a similar material, which he called Portland cement, because the render made from it was in color similar to the prestigious Portland stone.

The first cement to consistently contain alite was made by Joseph Aspdin's son William in the early 1840s.

This was what we call today " modern " Portland cement.

Johnson ) have claimed precedence in this invention, but recent analysis of both his concrete and raw cement have shown that William Aspdin's product made at Northfleet, Kent was a true alite-based cement.

In the US the first large scale use of cement was Rosendale cement a natural cement mined from a massive deposit of a large dolostone rock deposit discovered in the early 19th century near Rosendale, New York.

Rosendale cement was extremely popular for the foundation of buildings ( e. g., Statue of Liberty, Capitol Building, Brooklyn Bridge ) and lining water pipes.

But in the early 1930s it was soon discovered that, while Portland cement had a faster setting time it was not as durable, especially for highways, to the point that some states stopped building highways and roads with cement.

The most important use of cement is the production of mortar and concrete — the bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to form a strong building material that is durable in the face of normal environmental effects.

Vicat went on to devise a method of combining chalk and clay into an intimate mixture, and, burning this, produced an " artificial cement " in 1817.

Portland pozzolan cement includes fly ash cement, since fly ash is a pozzolan, but also includes cements made from other natural or artificial pozzolans.

James Frost is reported to have erected a manufactory for making of an artificial cement in 1826.

* Louis Vicat, engineer, inventor of artificial cement

Concrete is probably the most common artificial composite material of all and typically consists of loose stones ( aggregate ) held with a matrix of cement.

Cremated remains may also be incorporated, with urn and cement, into part of an artificial reef, or they can also be mixed into paint and made into a portrait of the deceased.

My method of making a cement or artificial stone for stuccoing buildings, waterworks, cisterns, or any other purpose to which it may be applicable ( and which I call Portland cement ) is as follows :- I take a specific quantity of limestone, such as that generally used for making or repairing roads, and I take it from the roads after it is reduced to a puddle or powder ; but if I cannot procure a sufficient quantity of the above from the roads, I obtain the limestone itself, and I cause the puddle or powder, or the limestone, as the case may be, to be calcined.

The mixture so calcined is to be ground, beat, or rolled to a fine powder, and is then in a fit state for making cement or artificial stone.

The product belongs to the category of “ artificial cements ” that were developed to compete with Parker ’ s Roman cement, and was similar to that developed much earlier by James Frost.

** Implants — a procedure in which a titanium implant is surgically placed in the bone ( mandible or maxilla ), allowed to heal, and 4-6 months later an artificial tooth is connected to the implant by cement or retained by a screw.

Base rock can also be made from artificial rock called aragocrete, which is a hand made concrete from combining crushed aragonite, sand, and Portland cement.

In 1826, as lecturer in architecture and engineering at the Royal School of Military Engineering at Chatham, he began research and experiments on artificial hydraulic cement, attempting to match or make an improvement over natural or " Roman " cement, invented by James Parker in 1796.

Serpentine is stable at high pH in the presence of brucite like calcium silicate hydrate, ( C-S-H ) phases formed along with portlandite ( Ca ( OH )< sub > 2 </ sub >) in hardened Portland cement paste after the hydration of belite ( Ca < sub > 2 </ sub > SiO < sub > 4 </ sub >), the artificial calcium equivalent of forsterite.

These shrines, composed of cement, form several triangular tipis filled with candles of the Virgin Mary, and artificial flowers.

Materials and crafts used range from the traditional-teak, ivory, marble, colored glass, onyx, glazed tile, fresco, mirrors, gilded tracery, ceramics, calligraphy and inlay-to the modern and synthetic marbled industrial tile, artificial stone facing, terrazzo, colored cement tile and wrought iron.

Portland cement and similar materials are made by heating limestone ( a source of calcium ) with clay and grinding this product ( called clinker ) with a source of sulfate ( most commonly gypsum ).

James Frost, working in Britain, produced what he called " British cement " in a similar manner around the same time, but did not obtain a patent until 1822.

Portland cement blends are often available as inter-ground mixtures from cement manufacturers, but similar formulations are often also mixed from the ground components at the concrete mixing plant.

They produce strength by formation of ettringite, with strength growth similar to a slow Portland cement.

For the world capacity to produce cement in 2010, the situation was similar with the top three states ( China, India, and USA ) accounting for just under half the world total capacity.

Aspdin's process was similar to a process patented in 1822 and used since 1811 by James Frost who called his cement " British Cement ".

* Bouncing on grass-where the pitch is a small patch of lawn, or area surrounded by a cement circle / rectangle / path / etc., the ball must bounce on the green ( or similar area ) first, or else can be given out.

* Hoppers: similar to gondolas but with bottom dump doors for easy unloading of things like coal, ore, grain, cement, ballast and the like.

Much of the preliminary work of terrazzo workers is similar to that of cement masons.

Plaster starts as a dry powder similar to mortar or cement and like those materials it is mixed with water to form a paste which liberates heat and then hardens.

Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are similar medical spinal procedures where bone cement is injected through a small hole in the skin ( percutaneously ) into a fractured vertebra with the goal of relieving the pain of vertebral compression fractures ( VCF ).

Once the void is created, the procedure continues in a similar manner as a vertebroplasty, but the bone cement is typically delivered directly into the newly created void.

The main cement of Tamust, the Tuareg community is Tamajaq ; their language and a particularly uniform culture, traditions, customs mostly similar from region to region both in West-Africa and North-Africa part the Tuareg cultural community.

The ink developed for the Fisher space pen is a visco-elastic, thixotropic ink, with a consistency similar to that of very thick rubber cement, flows as a result of the shearing action of the rolling ball in its socket.

It was similar to cement, and was applied on the tanks with a rake, giving the vehicle a rough appearance.

A similar term is cement overcoat.

A bulk carrier is an ocean-going vessel used to transport bulk cargo items such as iron ore, bauxite, coal, cement, grain and similar cargo.

A ground nozzle is a spray nozzle made for being installed at grade level ( i. e. in the ground ), usually in cement, crumb rubber, rubberized cement, or a similar nonslip surface, or under a grille or similar opening that is flush with ground level.