α-Tocopherol has a stimulatory effect on the dephosphorylation enzyme, protein phosphatase 2A, which in turn, cleaves phosphate groups from PKC leading to its deactivation, bringing the smooth muscle growth to a halt.

: RNase I cleaves 3 '- end of ssRNA at all dinucleotide bonds leaving a 5 '- hydroxyl, and 3 '- phosphate, via a 2 ', 3 '- cyclic monophosphate intermediate.

RNase H ’ s ribonuclease activity cleaves the 3 ’- O-P bond of RNA in a DNA / RNA duplex to produce 3 ’- hydroxyl and 5 ‘- phosphate terminated products.

Addition of fluoride cleaves any silicon protecting groups ( e. g. silyl ethers ), which are frequently employed in organic synthesis.

Different enzymes have different specificity for their substrate ; trypsin for example cleaves the peptide bond after a positively charge residue ( arginine and lysine ), chymotrypsin cleaves the bond after an aromatic residue ( phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan ), elastase cleaves the bond after a small non-polar residue such as alanine or glycine.

Meanwhile ‘ Anat finds Mot, cleaves him with a sword, burns him with fire, and throws his remains on the field for the birds to eat.

Separase then cleaves cohesin, a protein responsible for holding sister chromatids together.

Here, glycogen phosphorylase cleaves the bond linking a terminal glucose residue to a glycogen branch by substitution of a phosphoryl group for the α linkage.

In addition to transcriptase and replicase functions, the viral L protein is also thought to have an endonuclease activity that cleaves cellular messenger RNAs ( mRNAs ) for the production of capped primers used to initiate transcription of viral mRNAs.

Cowan comments that CARM " cleaves fairly close to the Countercult party line " and expresses a concern that " unless one looks specifically for Slick's personal information, CARM's web presentation could easily deceive a visitor into thinking it is a multi-staff, professional research organization.

He demonstrates his immense power as an ancient Seeker when he arrives late in the final battle at the Giza Necropolis, and cleaves his battleaxe clear through Mixmaster and stomps off his head, killing him and saving the human forces nearby, although soon after he is attacked and mortally wounded by Scorponok but manages to easily crush his attacker after recovering from the surprise attack ( saying he is " too old for this crap ").

The apoptosome cleaves the pro-caspase to its active form of caspase-9, which in turn activates the effector caspase-3.

Chymotrypsin preferentially cleaves peptide amide bonds where the carboxyl side of the amide bond ( the P < sub > 1 </ sub > position ) is a tyrosine, tryptophan, or phenylalanine.

Chymotrypsin cleaves peptide bonds by attacking the unreactive carbonyl group with a powerful nucleophile, the serine 195 residue located in the active site of the enzyme, which briefly becomes covalently bonded to the substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate intermediate.

Typically, to generate the name of an enzyme, the suffix-ase is added to the name of its substrate ( e. g., lactase is the enzyme that cleaves lactose ) or the type of reaction ( e. g., DNA polymerase forms DNA polymers ).

R is an endolysin, an enzyme that escapes through the S holes and cleaves the cell wall.

This complex contains an endonuclease that cleaves perfectly complementary messages to which the siRNA binds.

PrP < sup > C </ sup > is readily digested by proteinase K and can be liberated from the cell surface in vitro by the enzyme phosphoinositide phospholipase C ( PI-PLC ), which cleaves the glycophosphatidylinositol ( GPI ) glycolipid anchor.

A specialized enzyme, sortase, cleaves the target protein at a characteristic recognition site near the protein C-terminus, such as an LPXTG motif ( where X can be any amino acid ), then transfers the protein onto the cell wall.

However, HpaII requires that a C within that site be methylated, whereas MspI cleaves only DNA methylated at that site.

Trypsin cleaves peptide chains mainly at the carboxyl side of the amino acids lysine or arginine, except when either is followed by proline.

This means that trypsin predominantly cleaves proteins at the carboxyl side ( or " C-terminal side ") of the amino acids lysine and arginine except when either is bound to a N-terminal proline., although large-scale mass spectrometry data suggest cleavage occurs even with proline.

At first, an immature form of the virus particle is produced inside the ER, whose M-protein is not yet cleaved to its mature form and is therefore denoted as prM ( precursor M ) and forms a complex with protein E. The immature particles are processed in the Golgi apparatus by the host protein furin, which cleaves prM to M. This releases E from the complex which can now take its place in the mature, infectious virion.

Activation of the binding receptors activates PLC, which cleaves PIP < sub > 2 </ sub > in the egg plasma membrane, releasing IP < sub > 3 </ sub > into the egg cell cytoplasm.

First the β-carotene 15-15 ’- monooxygenase cleaves β-carotene at the central double bond, creating an epoxide.

For to obey such a commandment would have been contrary to the nature of man, who generally cleaves to that to which he is used ; it would in those days have made the same impression as a prophet would make at present 12th Century if he called us to the service of God and told us in His name, that we should not pray to God nor fast, nor seek His help in time of trouble ; that we should serve Him in thought, and not by any action.

Staphylococcal resistance to penicillin is mediated by penicillinase ( a form of β-lactamase ) production: an enzyme that cleaves the β-lactam ring of the penicillin molecule, rendering the antibiotic ineffective.

They impair cell function by forming covalent bonds with the amino, carboxyl, sulfhydryl, and phosphate groups in biologically important molecules.

DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds.

A nucleobase linked to a sugar is called a nucleoside and a base linked to a sugar and one or more phosphate groups is called a nucleotide.

The sugars are joined together by phosphate groups that form phosphodiester bonds between the third and fifth carbon atoms of adjacent sugar rings.

( Free bases with their attached phosphate groups are called nucleoside triphosphates.

Structure of the saccharolipid Kdo < sub > 2 </ sub >- Lipid A. Glucosamine residues in blue, 3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid | Kdo residues in red, acyl chains in black and phosphate groups in green.

Nucleic acids were named for their initial discovery within the nucleus, and for the presence of phosphate groups ( related to phosphoric acid ).

In conventional nomenclature, the carbons to which the phosphate groups attach are the 3 '- end and the 5 '- end carbons of the sugar.

DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds.

The phosphate groups form bonds with either the 2, 3, or 5-carbon of the sugar, with the 5-carbon site most common.

Cyclic nucleotides form when the phosphate group is bound to two of the sugar's hydroxyl groups.

This disassembly of the NPC peripheral groups is largely thought to be phosphate driven, as several of these nucleoporins are phosphorylated during the stages of mitosis.

Acidic polysaccharides are polysaccharides that contain carboxyl groups, phosphate groups and / or sulfuric ester groups.

The hydrophilic head contains the negatively charged phosphate group, and may contain other polar groups.

Other factors suspected to affect degradation rate include the rate deamination of glutamine and asparagine and oxidation of cystein, histidine and methionine, the absence of stabilizing ligands, the presence of attached carbohydrate or phosphate groups, the presence of free α-amino group, the negative charge of protein, and the flexibility and stability of the protein.

A protein kinase is a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them ( phosphorylation ).

Activity of MAP kinases is restricted by a number of protein phosphatases, which remove the phosphate groups that are added to specific serine or threonine residues of the kinase and are required to maintain the kinase in an active conformation.

The phosphate groups have a negative charge each at physiological pH, making RNA a charged molecule ( polyanion ).

The cycle converts two amino groups, one from NH < sub > 4 </ sub >< sup >+</ sup > and one from Asp, and a carbon atom from HCO < sub > 3 </ sub >< sup >−</ sup >, to the relatively nontoxic excretion product urea at the cost of four " high-energy " phosphate bonds ( 3 ATP hydrolyzed to 2 ADP and one AMP ).

The polar head groups in these compounds are zwitterions, resulting from the presence of the anionic phosphate and cationic quaternary ammonium centres.

In biochemistry, a kinase is a type of enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from high-energy donor molecules, such as ATP, to specific substrates, a process referred to as phosphorylation.