" Moral equivalence " began to be used as a polemic term-of-retort to " moral relativism ", which had been gaining use as an indictment against political foreign policy that appeared to use only a situation-based application of widely-held ethical standards.

By 1865, the German physicist Rudolf Clausius had shown that this equivalence principle needed amendment.

It has been suggested that the Gallic goddess Rosmerta had a functional equivalence to Abundantia, but the two are never directly identified in inscriptions.

The first explosion had a strength in the order of 800 kg TNT equivalence, while the strength of the final explosion was within the range of 4000-5000 kg TNT.

By that time, Connie had attained peak winds of, or the equivalence of a current-day Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson scale.

Despite the approximate equivalence of force, the British had several decisive advantages.

Both studies addressed four " assumed properties " of CSA, identified by the authors, gender equivalence ( both genders affected equally ), causality ( CSA causes harm ), pervasiveness ( most victims of CSA are harmed ) and intensity ( the harm is normally significant and long-term ), concluding that all four " assumed properties " were questionable and had several potential confounds.

The code system had equivalence with the lamp or disc route-based headcode system in assisting signallers with routing trains.

His work on the core equivalence result had suggested a roadmap.

A related term was the equivalence factor, one gram divided by equivalent weight, which was the numerical factor by which the mass of precipitate had to be multiplied to obtain the mass of analyte.

Not only was a value-theoretic principle required simply to group prices, relate them and aggregate them ( meaning principles of value equivalence, comparable value, value transfer, value conservation, value creation and value used up or destroyed ), but most of the stock of labour-products in an economy at any time had no actual price, simply because they weren't being traded.

The Dutch had paid the equivalence of 36 tons of gold, or 3, 648, 490 guilders, to buy this cargo.

This equivalence has been used as justification for data compression as a benchmark for " general intelligence ".

Repeated experiments since the 17th century have demonstrated that inertial and gravitational mass are equivalent ; since 1915, this observation has been entailed a priori in the equivalence principle of general relativity.

An analysis of the paradox from the orthodox point of view has been performed, and leads to, among other insights, a rejection of the equivalence condition:

In most cases, theorems relating the three paradigms ( often equivalence ) have been proven.

Since the meaning of the existential quantifier in formal notation is usually explained in terms of its equivalence to English expressions such as " there is " and " there exist ", and since these English expressions are not reliably ontologically committing, it comes to seem that we cannot be sure of our theory's ontological commitments even after it has been regimented into a canonical formulation.

) However, this was understood ( only ) in the language of equivalence classes of quadratic forms, so that in particular the analogy between quadratic forms and the Fermat equation seems not to have been perceived.

Ricardian equivalence requires assumptions that have been seriously challenged.

Ricardian equivalence has been the subject of extensive empirical inquiry.

Given the publicly stated protection level for the earliest M1: 350 mm steel equivalence against KE-penetrators ( APFSDS ), it seems to have been equipped with alumina tiles.

There has been significant controversy in the field over the equivalence or otherwise of the two techniques ( see exploratory factor analysis versus principal components analysis ).

( f ) The superiority or equivalence of the investigational treatment has been shown in at least two independent research settings.

* Murray Sidman – discovered Sidman Avoidance, highly cited author, researcher on punishment, also has been influential in research on stimulus equivalence.

E = mc < sup > 2 </ sup > has sometimes been used as an explanation for the origin of energy in nuclear processes, but mass – energy equivalence does not explain the origin of such energies.

For example, the loss of mass to atoms and neutrons as a result of the capture of a neutron, and loss of a gamma ray, has been used to test mass-energy equivalence to high precision, as the energy of the gamma ray may be compared with the mass defect after capture.

The methodology combined an attempt to translate the original texts simply and literally with a dynamic equivalence synergy approach used to convey the thoughts behind the text where a literal translation may have been difficult to understand or even misleading to modern readers.

It has been suggested that this " thought-for-thought " methodology, while making the translation easier to understand, is less accurate than a literal ( formal equivalence ) method, and thus the New Living Translation may not be suitable for those wishing to undertake detailed study of the Bible.

The equivalence point on the graph is where all of the starting solution ( usually an acid ) has been neutralized by the titrant ( usually a base ).

It can be calculated precisely by finding the molarity of the titration curve and computing the points of inflection ( where the graph changes concavity ); however, in most cases, simple visual inspection of the curve will suffice ( in the curve given to the right, both equivalence points are visible, after roughly 15 and 30 mL of NaOH solution has been titrated into the oxalic acid solution.

In diprotic acids, the point halfway between the beginning of the curve ( before any titrant has been added ) and the equivalence point is significant: at that point, the concentrations of the two species ( the acid and conjugate base ) are equal.

The National Diploma has nor been awarded since June 2006, however holders of a National Diploma can claim equivalence to the newer award, the Ordinary Bachelor's Degree.

Schiff's conjecture suggests that the weak equivalence principle actually implies the Einstein equivalence principle, but it has not been proven.

T. Ono pointed out that two tori over a field are isogenous if and only if their weight lattices are rationally equivalent as Galois modules, where rational equivalence means we tensor over Z with Q and get equivalent vector spaces with Galois action.

The pointed homotopy category hTop < sub >•</ sub > is defined to be the category whose objects are pointed topological spaces and whose morphisms are equivalence classes of pointed maps ( i. e., sending the distinguished base point to the base point ) modulo pointed homotopy ( i. e., the homotopy fixes the base points, as well ).

If we consider the quotient of the based loop space ΩX with respect to the equivalence relation of pointed homotopy, then we obtain a group, the well-known fundamental group π < sub > 1 </ sub >( X ).

In the discretization stage, the space of signals is partitioned into equivalence classes and quantization is carried out by replacing the signal with representative signal of the corresponding equivalence class.

For compact groups, the Peter – Weyl theorem explains how one may get harmonics by choosing one irreducible representation out of each equivalence class of representations.

Suggesting a moral equivalence between a number of acts carried out by the Allies during the Second World War and the deeds of the Nazis, especially the Final Solution is a common strategy employed by apologists for the Nazis in Germany, such as politicians of the National Democratic Party of Germany.

Crew members are spelling out Albert Einstein | Einstein's mass-energy equivalence formula E = mc < sup > 2 </ sup > on the flight deck.

Both Legendre's and Dirichlet's's formulas imply the same conjectured asymptotic equivalence of π ( x ) and x / ln ( x ) stated above, although it turned out that Dirichlet's approximation is considerably better if one considers the differences instead of quotients.

He points out that Albert Einstein demonstrated the equivalence of mass-energy.

This falls out of the fact that is an equivalence relation and also requires a proof that ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) are independent of the choice of class representatives.

Recall that n-dimensional projective space is defined to be the set of equivalence classes of non-zero points in by identifying two points that differ by a scalar multiple in k. The elements of the polynomial ring are not functions on because any point has many representatives that yield different values in a polynomial ; however, for homogeneous polynomials the condition of having zero or nonzero value on any given projective point is well-defined since the scalar multiple factors out of the polynomial.

Like any equivalence relation, the kernel can be modded out to form a quotient set, and the quotient set is the partition:

Nowhere, perhaps, does the equivalence of the shadow to the life or soul come out more clearly than in some customs practised to this day in South-eastern Europe.

However some Universities continue to hand out so-called equivalence certificates that certify the equivalence of a Dipl .- Ing.

( 1986 ) conducted a randomized controlled trial on 862 male and female post myocardial infarction patients, ruling out ( by probabilistic equivalence ) diet and other confounds.

Fortunately, according to the ( strong ) equivalence principle, if we simply replace " inertial frame " above with a frame field, everything works out exactly the same way on curved manifolds.

Intuitively, an algebraic space is a scheme modulo a " nice " equivalence relation ; the resulting category of algebraic spaces extends the category of schemes and allows to carry out several natural constructions that are needed for example in deformation theory or in the construction of moduli spaces but are not possible in the smaller category of schemes.

The equivalence of these conditions corresponds to the " 2 out of 3 " property of the unitary group.