He argues that the ancestors of apes as well as humans may have had their evolutionary history influenced by exposure to flooded forest environments, and that based on the hominin fossil record, regular part-time underwater foraging began in the Pleistocene rather than the early Pliocene as Morgan ’ s model proposes.

The hygiene hypothesis has expanded from eczema and hay fever to include exposure to several varieties of microorganisms and parasites, with which humans coexisted throughout much of our evolutionary history, as necessary for balanced and regulated immune system development.

One major theory posits that immune-mediated inflammation is present as the result of exposure to a viral antigen.

After outlining the various aspects of the contact, Staal posits the theory that the idea of formal rules in language, first proposed by de Saussure in 1894, and finally developed by Chomsky in 1957, based on which formal rules were also introduced in computational languages, may indeed lie in the European exposure to the formal rules of Paninian grammar.

Supporting this theory is the report that 36 of the 39 astronauts involved in high-radiation-mission, such as the nine Apollo missions to leave Earth orbit, have developed early stage cataracts that have been shown to be caused by exposure to cosmic rays during their trips.

The traditional folk theory is that a cold can be " caught " by prolonged exposure to cold weather such as rain or winter conditions, which is how the disease got its name.

Important research generated by the theory has been concerned with the consequences of exposure to information inconsistent with a prior belief, what happens after individuals act in ways that are inconsistent with their prior attitudes, what happens after individuals make decisions, and the effects of effort expenditure.

Due to his early exposure to a new field known as game theory and the experiences from the study of mathematics, he was convinced that he would prefer " a combination of experimental and theoretical research to pure mathematics " ( Simon ).

Their relationship marked Liu's first real exposure to the theory and practice of Communism.

A background frame is often the first exposure in an astronomical observation with a CCD: the frame will then be subtracted from the actual observation result, leaving in theory only the incoming light from the astronomical object being observed.

Some prior exposure to the basics of category theory is recommended, although a deep understanding of the concepts of adjunction and duality may well arise from examples such as the result below.

Although the idea that exposure to certain infections may decrease the risk of an allergy is not new, David P. Strachan was the first scientist who gave the theory a scientific background in an article published in the British Medical Journal ( now the BMJ ), in 1989.

As the theory is further investigated, researchers are increasingly studying the importance of a woman's continued exposure to her partner's semen as early as several years before conception.

According to the theory, the fetus and placenta both contain " foreign " proteins from paternal genes, but regular, preceding and coincident exposure to the father's semen may promote immune acceptance and subsequent implantation, a process which is significantly supported by as many as 93 currently identified immune regulating factors in seminal fluid.

Recognizing that some of the studies potentially included the presence of confounding factors, such as the possibility that women who regularly perform oral sex and swallow semen also engage in more frequent intercourse, the researchers also noted that, either way, " the data still overwhelmingly supports the main theory " behind all their studies — that repeated exposure to semen establishes the maternal immunological tolerance necessary for a safe and successful pregnancy.

At the scientific level of the debate, the crucial question was whether the " threshold theory " was valid or whether, as Lewis insisted, the effects of radioactivity were " linear with no threshold ", where every exposure to radiation had a long-term cumulative effect.

An independent variable is also known as a " predictor variable ", " regressor ", " controlled variable " ( but see below ), " manipulated variable ", " explanatory variable ", " exposure variable " ( see reliability theory ), " risk factor " ( see medical statistics ), " feature " ( see machine learning and pattern recognition ) or an " input variable.

The theory states that after eight years of exposure to the American defense establishment as President, Eisenhower knew that a disproportionate amount of influence rested in the hands of the ST, and he warned the public that this influence threatened the purity of American democracy.

" The theory clearly posits that the cultivation effect occurs only after long-term, cumulative exposure to television.

Cultivation theory in its most basic form, then, suggests that exposure to television, over time, subtly " cultivates " viewers ' perceptions of reality.

Chandler maintains, “ Cultivation theory focuses on the amount of television viewing or ' exposure ', and does not allow for differences in the ways in which viewers interpret television realities .” This interpretation can vary from innocent viewing to getting ideas for carrying out an act of violence.

The mere-exposure effect has been explained by a two-factor theory that posits that repeated exposure of a stimulus increases perceptual fluency which is the ease with which a stimulus can be processed.

Perceptual fluency, in turn, increases positive affect Studies showed that repeated exposure increases perceptual fluency, confirming the first part of the two-factor theory.

* Changing minds: Mere exposure theory

* Selective exposure theory

One theory for a causal mechanism is that the prolonged sound exposure resulted in enough mechanical strain to brain tissue to induce an encephalopathy.

* Selective exposure theory

The increasing influence of institutional investors has led to greater transparency: hedge funds increasingly provide information to investors including valuation methodology, positions and leverage exposure.

The application in carbon arc light led to the exposure of people to rare earth element oxides and fluorides, sometimes led to pneumoconiosis.

The clinic received a large amount funding from John D. Rockefeller Jr. and his family, which continued to make donations to Sanger's causes in future decades, but generally made them anonymously to avoid public exposure of the family name, and to protect family member Nelson Rockefeller's political career since openly advocating birth control could have led to the Catholic Church opposing him politically.

His exposure to the work of Rossetti, Steinlen, Toulouse-Lautrec and Edvard Munch, combined with his admiration for favorite old masters such as El Greco, led Picasso to a personal version of modernism in his works of this period.

Critical SPR investigations into purported mediums and the exposure of fake mediums led to a number of resignations in the 1880s by Spiritualist members, but the Society continued to investigate mediums, studying Leonora Piper and Eusapia Palladino among others.

This new configuration became very popular in the Boston area, and by the fall of 1971, enthusiastic word-of-mouth led to the Modern Lovers ' first exposure to a major label when Stuart Love of Warner Bros. Records contacted them and organized the band's first multi-track session at Intermedia Studio in Boston.

This is where Al Gore first became familiarized with the concept of the V-Chip and the exposure helped him to advise Bill Clinton which led to the decision to pass the Telecommunications Act of 1996.

He removed the boy's clothing and led him outside into the snow, where, far from being upset, Victor began to frolic about in the nude, showing Bonnaterre that he was clearly accustomed to exposure and cold.

Vibranium exposure led to the mutation of many Wakandan natives.

An Oregon Department of Human Services – Health Services investigation led to the belief that the E. coli outbreak originated from exposure in the sheep and goat barn.

This theme is repeated in the inner Fountain Court, but the rhythm is faster and the windows, unpedimented on the outer façades, are given pointed pediments in the courtyard ; this has led the courtyard to be described as " Startling, as of simultaneous exposure to a great many eyes with raised eyebrows.

This technology greatly assisted doctors to locate shrapnel in wounded soldiers, but it was crude and led to both Marie and Irène, who were serving as nurse radiographers, suffering large doses of radiation exposure.

Subsequently, Bondar led an international team of researchers at NASA for more than a decade, examining data obtained from astronauts on space missions to better understand the mechanisms underlying the body's ability to recover from exposure to space.

In 1938, they first received national exposure by performing on the Kate Smith Hour radio show, which led to their appearance in a Broadway musical, The Streets of Paris.

that have led to decreased exposure to certain microbial or other species, such as helminths, that are important for development of immuno-regulatory mechanisms.

The popularity of Cantonese-language media, Cantopop and the Hong Kong film industry, has since led to substantial exposure of Cantonese to China and the rest of Asia.

This effect is dose-dependent ; for example, co-administration with 50 mg of sertraline resulted in 20 % greater exposure to desipramine, while 150 mg of sertraline led to a 70 % increase.

What led to this was an erroneous decision by operators to shut down the ECCS during an emergency condition due to gauge readings that were either incorrect or misinterpreted ; this caused another emergency condition that, several hours after the fact, led to core exposure and a core damage incident.

The mainstream exposure led to the band's appearance on Sesame Street's Elmopalooza television special and Grammy Award winning soundtrack album.

Unfortunately the careless and excessive adoption of brightly colored, petroleum – derived aniline dyes ( and pigments compounded from them ), which all fade rapidly on exposure to light, and the efforts to properly conserve the 20, 000 Turner paintings inherited by the British Museum in 1857, led to an examination and negative re-evaluation of the permanence of pigments in watercolor.

This exposure led to the quickly forgotten film The Magic Garden of Stanley Sweetheart ( 1970, based on a novel by Robert Westbrook, son of columnist Sheilah Graham ).

This led to his exposure by Bishop John Douglas, and he was obliged to write a complete confession at the dictation of his former friend, Samuel Johnson.

Surgeons at Vanderbilt University, led by Dr. Noel Tulipan, made an incision in the mother's uterus to obtain better exposure to fetuses of 28 to 30 weeks gestation.