Some researchers have speculated that this minority of Haplogroup C3 carriers among the Ainu may reflect a certain degree of unidirectional genetic influence from the Nivkhs, a traditionally nomadic people of northern Sakhalin and the adjacent mainland, with whom the Ainu have long-standing cultural interactions.

Population genetics is the study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four main evolutionary processes: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and gene flow.

Twin studies have been limited by relatively small sample sizes but have indicated a substantial genetic contribution, as well as environmental influence.

All these methods produce essentially similar results, even though most genetic variation has no influence over external morphology.

Often the reason is genetic ( mutation or chromosome abnormality ), but there can be environmental influence ( like teratogens ) or stochastic events.

One of the most notable researchers arguing for a strong genetic influence on these average score differences is Arthur Jensen.

Genotypes, or the genetic make up of an organism, influence but don't fully decide the physical traits of a person.

However, typological similarities such as these do not constitute evidence of genetic relationship on their own, as they may be the result of regional influence or coincidence.

Thus other linguists argue that these typological similarities do not demonstrate a genetic relationship between Uralic and Altaic, ascribing these similarities instead to coincidence or mutual influence resulting in convergence.

Can genetic factors influence the likelihood of engaging in entrepreneurial activity?

Various studies point to different, even conflicting positions, such as a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences, with biological factors involving a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, or no genetic influence.

They studied 289 pairs of identical twins ( monozygotic or from one fertilized egg ) and 495 pairs of fraternal twins ( dizygotic or from two fertilized eggs ) and found concordance rates for same-sex attraction of only 7. 7 % for male identical twins and 5. 3 % for females, a pattern which they say " does not suggest genetic influence independent of social context.

Pharmacogenomics is the branch of pharmacology which deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a drug's efficacy or toxicity.

The genetic material in each chromosome comprises a series of discrete genes that influence various traits.

There are two mechanisms operating in small populations that influence these two types of genetic variation.

When cultural or genetic differences have favored Eurasians ( for example, written language or the development among Eurasians of resistance to endemic diseases ), he asserts that these advantages occurred because of the influence of geography on societies and cultures, and were not inherent in the Eurasian genomes.

It is assumed, that because Balkan Bulgars were not numerous, only a cultural, and low genetic influence was brought into the region, since the genetic background of the local populations was not detectably modified.

Regulation of transcription can be broken down into three main routes of influence ; genetic ( direct interaction of a control factor with the gene ), modulation ( interaction of a control factor with the transcription machinery ) and epigenetic ( non-sequence changes in DNA structure which influence transcription ).

Modern twin studies have shown that almost all traits are in part influenced by genetic differences, with some characteristics showing a strong influence ( e. g. height ), others an intermediate level ( e. g. intelligence quotient ) and some more complex heritabilities, with evidence for different genes affecting different aspects of the trait-as in the case of autism.

Although there is no discernible linguistic influence from Africa in Bushehr, there are cultural and genetic influences.

In locations where both snake and salamander co-exist, the snakes have developed immunity through genetic changes and they feed on the amphibians with impunity.

Ramsey ( 2004: 340 ) stated that " the genetic relationship between Korean and Japanese, if it in fact exists, is probably more complex and distant than we can imagine on the basis of our present state of knowledge ", a concept later restated by Lee ( 2011 ).

Historically, the main dispute between the national organizations has generally centered on the interpretation of " Nordic heritage " as either something cultural, or as something genetic or racial.

Jensen claimed, on the basis of his research, that general cognitive ability is essentially an inherited trait, determined predominantly by genetic factors rather than by environmental conditions.

The group's research is focused on autoimmune and genetic disorders of the neuromuscular junction and peripheral motor nerves.

Another likely explanation for the loss of its eyes is that of selective neutrality and genetic drift: in the dark environment of the cave, the eyes are neither advantageous nor disadvantageous and thus any genetic factors that might impair the eyes ( or their development ) can take hold with no consequence on the individual or species.

Because there is no selection pressure for sight in this environment, any number of genetic abnormalities that give rise to the damage or loss of eyes could proliferate among the population with no effect on the fitness of the population.

These cattle have a muscle yield of about 20 % more on average than cattle without the genetic myostatin mutation.

There are more carbohydrates on Earth than any other known type of biomolecule ; they are used to store energy and genetic information, as well as play important roles in cell to cell interactions and communications.

* Genetics is the study of the effect of genetic differences on organisms.

There are even reports of humans who normally walk on all fours with their feet but not their knees on the ground, but these cases are a result of conditions such as Uner Tan syndrome — very rare genetic neurological disorders rather than normal behavior.

Most of the biosecurity concerns in synthetic biology, however, focused on the role of DNA synthesis and the risk of producing genetic material of lethal viruses ( e. g. 1918 Spanish flu, polio ) in the lab.

These include the use of genetic information in reproductive decision-making and the possibility of genetically altering reproductive cells that may be passed on to future generations.

These center on the capabilities and limitations of doctors and other health-service providers, people identified with genetic conditions, and the general public in dealing with genetic information.

Many of the genetic characteristics associated with yield ( e. g., enhanced growth ) are controlled by a large number of genes, each of which has a minimal effect on the overall yield.

It includes increased herbicide usage and resultant herbicide resistance, " super weeds ," residues on and in food crops, genetic contamination of non-GM crops which hurt organic and conventional farmers, etc.

A baby eastern bongo at Louisville Zoo in Kentucky. To illustrate significance of genetic diversity loss ; assume the average metapopulation size is 35 animals based on 140 animals spread across four populations ( 140 / 4 = 35 ).

* Fast SAT Solver-simple but fast implementation of SAT solver based on genetic algorithms

For instance, genetic studies of African-American people show an ancestry that is on average 17 – 18 % European.

The theory asserts that all currently living organisms on Earth share a common genetic heritage with each being the descendant from a single original species, though the suggestion of substantial horizontal gene transfer during early evolution has led to questions about monophyly of life.

All known forms of life are based on the same fundamental biochemical organisation: genetic information encoded in DNA, transcribed into RNA, through the effect of protein-and RNA-enzymes, then translated into proteins by ( highly similar ) ribosomes, with ATP, NADH and others as energy sources, etc.

Recently, it has been possible to construct these trees using molecular data, based on similarities and differences between genetic and protein sequences.