Seleucus of Seleucia, a follower of the heliocentric theory of Aristarchus, stated that the Earth rotated around its own axis, which in turn revolved around the Sun.

Kepler's laws and his analysis of the observations on which they were based, the assertion that the Earth orbited the Sun, proof that the planets ' speeds varied, and use of elliptical orbits rather than circular orbits with epicycles — challenged the long-accepted geocentric models of Aristotle and Ptolemy, and generally supported the heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus ( although Kepler's ellipses likewise did away with Copernicus's circular orbits and epicycles ).

He supported Aristarchus of Samos ' heliocentric theory where the Earth rotated around its own axis which in turn revolved around the Sun.

There is speculation that Regiomontanus had arrived at a theory of heliocentrism before he died ; a manuscript shows particular attention to the heliocentric theory of the Pythagorean Aristarchus, mention was also given to the motion of the earth in a letter to a friend.

* Nicolaus Copernicus ( 1473 – 1543 ) published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in 1543, which advanced the heliocentric theory of cosmology.

And the heliocentric theory, which assigned central status to the Sun, as well as Newton's concept of force acting at a distance, were rooted in ancient Egyptian religious ideas associated with Hermeticism.

For example, no new evidence will demonstrate that the Earth does not orbit around the sun ( heliocentric theory ), or that living things are not made of cells ( cell theory ), that matter is not composed of atoms, or that the surface of the Earth is not divided into solid plates that have moved over geological timescales ( the theory of plate tectonics )... One of the most useful properties of scientific theories is that they can be used to make predictions about natural events or phenomena that have not yet been observed.

Though the original text has been lost, a reference in Archimedes ' book The Sand Reckoner describes Aristarchus ' heliocentric theory.

Seleucus ' arguments for a heliocentric theory were probably related to the phenomenon of tides.

Alternatively, he may have proved the heliocentric theory by determining the constants of a geometric model for the heliocentric theory and by developing methods to compute planetary positions using this model, like what Nicolaus Copernicus later did in the 16th century.

Copernicus proposed the heliocentric universe, which was met with strong resistance, and Tycho Brahe refuted the theory of celestial spheres through observational measurement of the 1572 appearance of a Milky Way Super Nova.

He supported the heliocentric theory where the Earth rotated around its own axis which in turn revolved around the Sun.

Nicolaus Copernicus had firmly moved the Earth away from the center of the universe with the heliocentric theory for which he presented evidence in his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres ) published in 1543.

* c. 1514 – Nicolaus Copernicus states his heliocentric theory in Commentariolus

* 1543 – Nicolaus Copernicus publishes his heliocentric theory in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

The heliocentric theory was successfully revived nearly 1800 years later by Copernicus, after which Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton gave the theoretical explanation based on laws of physics, namely Kepler's laws for the motion of planets and Newton's laws on gravitational attraction and dynamics.

Alternatively, he may have determined the constants of a geometric model for the heliocentric theory and developed methods to compute planetary positions using this model, possibly using early trigonometric methods that were available in his time, much like Copernicus.

* Aristarchus of Samos ' astronomy book outlining his heliocentric theory

Paul met with Galileo Galilei in 1616 after Cardinal Bellarmine had, on his orders, warned Galileo not to hold or defend the heliocentric ideas of Copernicus.

A letter from Bellarmine to Galileo, however, states only the injunction that the heliocentric ideas could not be defended or held ; this letter was written expressly to enable Galileo to defend himself against rumors concerning what had happened in the meeting with Bellarmine.

Riccioli accepted Kepler's ideas, but remained opposed to the heliocentric theory.

In 1543, astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus from Toruń ( Thorn ) published his work De revolutionibus orbium coelestium and became the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology that displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.

Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus remembered for his development of the heliocentricism | heliocentric model of the Solar System

A great breakthrough in astronomy was made by Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus ( 1473 – 1543 ), who proposed in 1543 the heliocentric model of the solar system.

The only Greek Babylonian astronomer known to have supported a heliocentric model of planetary motion was Seleucus of Seleucia ( b. 190 BC ).

The Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first known individual to propose a heliocentric model of the universe.

The only other astronomer from antiquity known by name who supported Aristarchus ' heliocentric model was Seleucus of Seleucia, a Hellenistic astronomer who lived a century after Aristarchus.

During the Middle Ages, heliocentric models may have also been proposed by the Indian astronomer, Aryabhata, and by the Persian astronomers, Albumasar and Al-Sijzi.

The only Babylonian astronomer known to have supported a heliocentric model of planetary motion was Seleucus of Seleucia ( b. 190 BC ).

The only other astronomer of antiquity who is known by name and who is known to have supported Aristarchus ' heliocentric model was Seleucus of Seleucia, a Hellenistic astronomer who lived a century after Aristarchus.

B. L. van der Waerden has interpreted the planetary models developed by Aryabhata ( 476 – 550 CE ), an Indian astronomer, and Albumasar ( 787 – 886 CE ), a Persian astronomer, to be heliocentric models but this view has been strongly disputed by others.

Hipparchus is considered the pre-eminent astronomical observer of the ancient world, and was probably the first to develop an accurate method for the prediction of solar eclipse, while Aristarchus of Samos was the first known astronomer to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, though the geocentric model of Ptolemy was more commonly accepted until the seventeenth century.

Tycho Brahe, arguably the most accomplished astronomer of his time, advocated against Copernicus's heliocentric system and for an alternative to the Ptolemaic geocentric system: a geo-heliocentric system now known as the Tychonic system in which the five then known planets orbit the sun, while the sun and the moon orbit the earth.

B. L. van der Waerden has interpreted the planetary models developed by Aryabhata ( 476-550 ), an Indian astronomer, and Abu Ma ' shar al-Balkhi ( 787-886 ), a Persian astronomer, to be heliocentric models but this view has been strongly disputed by others.

De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres ) is the seminal work on the heliocentric theory of the Renaissance astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus ( 1473 – 1543 ).

: A scientist and astronomer, developing her father's heliocentric theories, much to the chagrin of the astronomical council.

* Nicolaus Copernicus was a true Renaissance polymath — an astronomer, mathematician, physician, lawyer, clergyman, governor, diplomat, military leader, classics scholar and economist, who developed the heliocentric theory in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful, and described " Gresham's Law " the year ( 1519 ) that Thomas Gresham was born.

The Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, who proposed a compromise between the geocentric and the heliocentric theories with the Tychonic system, contributed to the revolution by showing that the heavenly spheres were at best mathematical devices rather than physical objects, since the great comet of 1577 passed through the spheres of several planets, and, moreover, the spheres of Mars and the Sun passed through each other.

It is widely accepted that Copernicus's De revolutionibus followed the outline and method set by Ptolemy in his Almagest and employed geometrical constructions that had been developed previously by the Maragheh school in his heliocentric model, and that Galileo's mathematical treatment of acceleration and his concept of impetus rejected earlier medieval analyses of motion, rejecting by name ; Averroes, Avempace, Jean Buridan, and John Philoponus ( see Theory of impetus ).

To Riccioli the question was not between the geocentric world system of Ptolemy and the heliocentric world system of Copernicus, for the telescope had unseated the Ptolemaic system ; it was between the geo-heliocentric world system developed by Tycho Brahe in the 1570s ( in which the sun, moon, and stars circle an immobile Earth, while the planets circle the sun – sometimes called a " geo-heliocentric " or " hybrid " system ) and that of Copernicus.

Galileo did in fact use a telescope, observe the moons of Jupiter, advocate for the heliocentric model, observe sun spots, investigate buoyancy, and write on physics, and did visit the Vatican twice to defend his work, the second time being made to recant his views, and being confined to house arrest thereafter.