The binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is increased by the oxygen saturation of the molecule, with the first oxygens bound influencing the shape of the binding sites for the next oxygens, in a way favorable for binding.

This positive cooperative binding is achieved through steric conformational changes of the hemoglobin protein complex as discussed above ; i. e., when one subunit protein in hemoglobin becomes oxygenated, a conformational or structural change in the whole complex is initiated, causing the other subunits to gain an increased affinity for oxygen.

< www. medterms. com / script / main / art. asp? articlekey = 16295 >.</ ref > In addition, increased glycosylation of hemoglobin increases its affinity for oxygen, therefore preventing its release at the tissue and inducing a level of hypoxia in extreme cases.

It is hypothesized that increasing cell membrane fluidity by increasing PUFA concentration might result in an enhanced number of insulin receptors, an increased affinity of insulin to its receptors and a reduced insulin resistance, and vice versa.

* substrate-binding causes increased substrate affinity in adjacent subunits.

It is constantly active, but its adhesion to these factors is increased by the presence of heparan sulfate ( a glycosaminoglycan ) or the administration of heparins ( different heparinoids increase affinity to FXa, thrombin, or both ).

Mutations tend to result in the loss of CNGB3 function or gain of function ( often increased affinity for cGMP ) of CNGA3.

Methemoglobin is an oxidized form of hemoglobin that has a decreased affinity for oxygen, resulting in an increased affinity of oxygen to other heme sites and overall reduced ability to release oxygen to tissues.

Hypoxia occurs due to the decreased oxygen-binding capacity of methemoglobin, as well as the increased oxygen-binding affinity of other subunits in the same hemoglobin molecule which prevents them from releasing oxygen at normal tissue oxygen levels.

Cooperativity is a phenomenon displayed by enzymes or receptors that have multiple binding sites where the affinity of the binding sites for a ligand is increased, positive cooperativity, or decreased, negative cooperativity, upon the binding of a ligand to a binding site.

For example the affinity of hemoglobin's four binding sites for oxygen is increased above that of the unbound hemoglobin when the first oxygen molecule binds.

In competitive inhibition, the maximum velocity () of the reaction is unchanged, while the apparent affinity of the substrate to the binding site is decreased ( the dissociation constant is apparently increased ).

In battle, if a character has a high affinity for another character who had fallen unconscious, the remaining one may have a " rage " reaction, casing increased their attack power until that ally is revived.

Deliberate hyperventilation has been used by underwater breath-hold divers for the purpose of extending dive time as it effectively reduces respiratory drive due to low CO2 levels allowing one to break his standard limit of breath holding at the risk of shallow water blackout ( which is a significant cause of drowning ) as while air hunger is reduced the oxygen levels are not increased, in fact hypocapnia reduces the oxygen levels available to the brain due to the elevated affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin ( bohr effect ) hence highly increasing the chances of blackout.

When phosphorylated, BvgA has increased affinity for specific binding sites in Bvg-activated promoter sequences and is able to promote transcription in in vitro assays.

The affinity of this protein for factor Xa is increased 1000-fold by the presence of protein Z, while it does not require protein Z for inactivation of factor XI.

In immunology, affinity maturation is the process by which B cells produce antibodies with increased affinity for antigen during the course of an immune response.

As for progress, the `` backward South '' can boast of Baton Rouge, which increased its population between 1940 and 1950 by two hundred and sixty-two percent, to 126,000, the second largest growth of the period for all cities over 25,000.

Political theoretical understanding, although almost at a standstill during this century, did develop during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and resulted in a flood of inventions which increased the possibility for man to coexist with man.

Under her father's influence it did not occur to Henrietta that she might write on subjects outside the Jewish field, but she did begin writing for other Anglo-Jewish papers and thus increased her output and her audience.

The Scots had found a new leader in William Wallace, and Edward's yearly expeditions across the Border called for evermounting taxes, which only increased his difficulties with the barons and the clergy.

It includes a raise in the county minimum wage, creation of several new jobs at the executive level, financing of beefed-up industrial development efforts, and increased expenditures for essential services such as health and welfare, fire protection, sanitation and road maintenance.

It is not in business for the purpose of absorbing increased municipal costs no matter how high a purpose that may be ''.

This sum spent for foreign economic aid, the peace corps, food for peace, or any other program to solve the problems of the underdeveloped countries would be an investment that would pay off in world peace, increased world trade, and prosperity for every country on the globe.

Then, to conclude on an indeterminate note: `` Nevertheless, if fallout increased substantially, or remained high for a long time, it would become far more important as a potential health hazard in this country and throughout the world ''.

To reach a still greater audience of location-minded manufacturers, our industrial advertising budget for the fiscal year was increased from $32,000 to $40,000, and the Industrial Building Authority's financial participation was upped from $17,000 to $20,000.

The gradient was about one half of a millidegree at 4.2 Af but increased to several millidegrees for bath temperatures slightly greater than the **yl point.

Though the number of people flowing in and out of our metropolitan areas each day has increased tremendously since World War 2,, total annual rail commutation dropped 124 million for 1947 to 1957.

These expenditures are estimated to be $12.1 billion, an increase of $187 million over 1960, reflecting additional longevity pay of career personnel, more dependents, an increased number of men drawing proficiency pay, and social security tax increases ( effective for the full year in 1961 compared with only 6 months in 1960 ).

These increased costs are partially offset by a decrease of $56 million in expenditures for the reserve forces, largely because of the planned reduction in strength of the Army Reserve components during 1961.

The Government of India agrees that it will take all possible measures to prevent the resale or transshipment to other countries or the use for other than domestic purposes ( except where such resale, transshipment or use is specifically approved by the Government of the United States of America ), of the surplus agricultural commodities purchased pursuant to the provisions of this Agreement, and to assure that the purchase of such commodities does not result in increased availability of these or like commodities for export from India.

On this basis, our already substantial budget for research and development has been further increased in recent years in order to finance the continuing engineering and design work essential to Leesona's future growth in sales and earnings.

In accordance with the two-year contract signed in May, 1959, with the International Association of Machinists, AFL-CIO, wages of hourly employees were increased by 4% in May, 1960, and pay levels for non-exempt salaried employees were increased proportionately.

Another growth factor is increased consumer demand for better quality and larger quantities of fabrics that go with a rising standard of living.

Mr. Brown will at the same time undertake expansion of VecTrol's custom design program for electronic control users with a greatly increased engineering staff.

The president's opportunity for influencing education reaches its highest point, as he decides which projects he will cut back, which he will advance by increased allowances or new fund-raising efforts.

A more tenable explanation for the change in reactions is that the added knowledge and increased familiarity with the total situation made it possible for these subjects to be less guarded and to relax, since any reaction seemed acceptable to the examiner as `` normal ''.

For instance, severe hypoglycemia ( low blood sugar ) or hypercapnia ( increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood ) initially cause mild agitation and confusion, but progress to obtundation, stupor and finally complete unconsciousness.

In addition, Deccan Trap volcanism might have resulted in carbon dioxide emissions that increased the greenhouse effect when the dust and aerosols cleared from the atmosphere.

Forest fires release absorbed carbon back into the atmosphere, as does deforestation due to rapidly increased oxidation of soil organic matter.

This increase in radiative forcing from human activity is attributable mainly to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.

As plants took hold on the continental margins, oxygen levels increased and carbon dioxide dropped, although much less dramatically.

The Lopingian is associated with falling sea levels, increased carbon dioxide and general climatic deterioration, culminating in the devastation of the Permian extinction.

The releases of carbon dioxide into the biosphere as a consequence of industrialization have also depressed the proportion of carbon-14 by a few percent ; conversely, the amount of carbon-14 was increased by above-ground nuclear bomb tests that were conducted into the early 1960s.

Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron, but such steel is also less ductile than iron.

In the period from 1990 to 2003, carbon dioxide emissions from transportation sources increased by 20 %, despite improvements in vehicle fuel efficiency.

In the early Phanerozoic, increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have been linked to driving or amplifying increased global temperatures .< ref > Royer et al.

The increased protein binds to the flour to entrap carbon dioxide released by the yeast fermentation process, resulting in a stronger rise.

Likely factors in the development of cerebral edema are dehydration, acidosis and low carbon dioxide levels ; in addition, the increased level of inflammation and coagulation may, together with these factors, lead to decreased blood flow to parts of the brain, which then swells up once fluid replacement has been commenced.

It was previously thought that the heat alone was responsible for killing intruding wasps, but recent experiments have demonstrated that it is the increased temperature in combination with increased carbon dioxide levels within the ball that produces the lethal effect.

Porsche's Composite Ceramic Brakes ( PCCB ) are siliconized carbon fiber, with very high temperature capability, a 50 % weight reduction over iron discs ( therefore reducing the unsprung weight of the vehicle ), a significant reduction in dust generation, substantially increased maintenance intervals, and enhanced durability in corrosive environments over conventional iron discs.

The second effect of global climate change is global warming due to increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.

Some entities such as the European Union subsidize organic farming, in large part because these countries want to account for the externalities of reduced water use, reduced water contamination, reduced soil erosion, reduced carbon emissions, increased biodiversity, and assorted other benefits that result from organic farming.

Opposition to increased environmental regulation such as carbon taxes often centres on concerns that firms might relocate and / or people might lose their jobs.

It decomposes and turns into carbon dioxide (), which is released into the atmosphere .< ref > Wetlands. org, Wetlands International | Peatlands and CO < sub > 2 </ sub > Emissions </ ref > The global emissions from drained peatlands have increased from 1, 058 Mton in 1990 to 1, 298 Mton in 2008 (> 20 %).

The amount of pressure in the wine is determined by the amount of sugar added during the tirage stage at the beginning of the secondary fermentation with more sugar producing increased amount of carbon dioxide gas and thus pressure in the wine.

The polluting effects of carbon disulfide and other by-products of the process used to make viscose may have also contributed to this ; however, cellophane itself is 100 % biodegradable, and that has increased its popularity as a food wrapping.

The objectives of such studies include improving weather forecasting, developing methods for predicting seasonal and interannual climate fluctuations, and understanding the implications of human-induced perturbations ( e. g., increased carbon dioxide concentrations or depletion of the ozone layer ) on the global climate.

Further improvements included increased rates of fire ; carbon dioxide ( CO < sub > 2 </ sub >) tanks from 9 to 20 oz, and compressed air or nitrogen in sizes from 44 to 88 ci, and finally pressures up to 4500 PSI.