The photon concept has led to momentous advances in experimental and theoretical physics, such as lasers, Bose – Einstein condensation, quantum field theory, and the probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics.

The period of the Second World War saw the peak of the campaigns by the Quit India movement ( led by " Mahatma " Gandhi ) and the Indian National Army ( INA ) movement ( led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose ) and others, eventually resulting in the withdrawal of the British.

In a series of meetings between the INA leaders and the Japanese in 1943, it was decided to cede the leadership of the IIL and the INA to Subhas Chandra Bose, since a number of the officers and troops who had returned to PoW camps, or had not volunteered in the first place, made it known that they would be willing to join the INA only on the condition that it was led by Bose.

This led to the prediction of the existence of phenomena which became known as Bose-Einstein condensate, a dense collection of bosons ( which are particles with integer spin, named after Bose ), which was demonstrated to exist by experiment in 1995.

Rise of militarism in India dates back to the British Raj with the rise of several Indian independence movement organizations such as Indian National Army led by Subhash Chandra Bose.

This led Amar Bose to research on the importance of reverberant ( indirect ) sound on perceived audio quality.

The results of listening tests were disappointing ( a later Bose publication presents theories regarding these results ), which led to Bose conducting further research.

After the onset of the war, only a group led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose took any decisive action.

Another school of thought led by Subhas Chandra Bose of the Indian National Army ( INA ) allied itself with the Axis based on the principle that " An enemy's enemy is a friend ".

Bose led the Indian National Army and the Provisional Government of Free India, a government-in-exile based in Singapore, that was recognised by the Axis powers.

Many Kumaonis also joined the Azad Hind Fauj led by Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose

The high-quality tuner combined with a good speaker arrangement led some reviewers to call these modern radios " Bose killers.

Indian National Army, set up and led by Subhas Chandra Bose, to fight the British.

An important part of revolutionary activities in these regions were led by Rasbehari Bose and his associate Lala Hardayal.

6: 28 ) His conduct, along with that of his brother, as a judge in Beer-sheba, to which office his father had appointed him, led to popular discontent, and ultimately provoked the people to demand a monarchy

These tests met with “ partial success ” in the gathering of data, and led, therefore, to a significant increase in research dollars in fiscal year 1962 to conduct additional research in these areas.

The Anglo-Saxon system of maintaining public order since the Norman conquest was a private system of tithings, led by a constable, which was based on a social obligation for the good conduct of the others ; more common was that local lords and nobles were responsible to maintain order in their lands, and often appointed a constable, sometimes unpaid, to enforce the law.

This had led to the destitution of around 270 ministers who had refused to take an oath of allegiance and submit themselves to bishops, and who continued to conduct worship among a remnant of their flock in caves and other remote country spots.

Justice Michael Adams determined that because ul-Haque was falsely led to believe that he was legally compelled to comply with the ASIO officers, the conduct of at least one of the investigating ASIO officers constituted false imprisonment and kidnap at common law, and therefore key evidence against ul-Haque was inadmissible.

Garfield conceived a plan to conduct a cavalry raid behind Bragg's line ( similar to that Bragg was employing against Rosecrans ) which Rosecrans approved ; the raid, led by Abel Streight, failed, due in part to poor execution and weather.

Ellington led the orchestra by conducting from the keyboard using piano cues and visual gestures ; very rarely did he conduct using a baton.

A dispute over King Leopold III's conduct during World War II caused civil uprisings, and eventually led to his abdication in 1951 following a state wide referendum.

Lt. George S. Patton led ten soldiers and two civilian guides in three Dodge Model 30 touring cars to conduct a raid at a ranch house in San Miguelito, Sonora.

Although every decade has witnessed anthropologists conducting research in the United States, the very principles of relativism have led most anthropologists to conduct research in foreign countries.

The incident led to tough questioning of the group's commander, Colonel Halli Sigurðsson, focusing on his conduct.

Water vapor interferes with radio astronomy at higher frequencies, which has led to building radio observatories that conduct observations at millimeter wavelengths at very high and dry sites, in order to minimize the water vapor content in the line of sight.

Some NFL players also report that pokes in the eyes, pinches or other abuse is common in post-fumble pileups, conduct which has sometimes led to confrontations, fights or even brawls.

Muncie was lightly disguised as " Middletown " by a team of sociologists, led by Robert and Helen Lynd, who were only the first to conduct a series of studies in Muncie — considered a typical Middle-American community — in their case, a study funded by the Rockefeller Institute of Social and Religious Research.

Robert's differences with the Carrick affinity regarding the conduct of the war and his continued failure or unwillingness to deal with Buchan in the north led to the political convulsion of November 1384 when the Council removed the king's authority to govern and appointed Carrick as lieutenant of the kingdom — a coup d ’ état had taken place.

In a letter sent to Maharajah Hari Singh on 27 October 1947, the then Governor-General of India, Lord Mountbatten accepted the accession with a remark, “ it is my Government's wish that as soon as law and order have been restored in Kashmir and her soil cleared of the invader the question of the State's accession should be settled by a reference to the people .” Lord Mountbatten ’ s remark and the offer made by the Government of India to conduct a plebiscite or referendum to determine the future status of Kashmir led to a dispute between India and Pakistan regarding the legality of the accession of Kashmir to India.

Fearing arrest the archbishop fled to Canterbury, and entered upon a violent war of words with the king, and by his firm conduct led to the establishment of the principle that peers were only to be tried in full parliament before their own order ( en pleyn parlement et devant les piers ).

At the storming of Constantine, Algeria, Niel led the engineer detachment with one of the storming parties, and his conduct gained for him the rank of chef de bataillon in 1837.

His conduct as gaoler ( jailer ) of the duchesse de Berry led to a duel between Bugeaud and the deputy Dulong in which the latter was killed ( 1834 ); this affair and the incidents of another émeute exposed Bugeaud to ceaseless attacks in the Chamber and in the press, but his opinion was sought by all parties in matters connected with agriculture and industrial development.

His decision to conduct a raid on the Stroganov trading posts resulted in an expedition led by the Cossack Yermak against the Khanate of Sibir.

Heine on his sickbed, 1851It was probably a similar fatalism that led Meyerbeer never to enter public controversy with those who slighted him, either professionally or personally, although he occasionally displayed his grudges in his Diaries ; for example, on hearing Robert Schumann conduct in 1850: ' I saw for the first time the man who, as a critic, has persecuted me for twelve years with a deadly enmity.

His youth and inexperience, compared with that of the battle-tested officers whom he led ( some were veterans of the battle of Waterloo ) drew his naturally punctilious nature to manifest itself in petty-minded bullying: In 1833 he was publicly censured for " reprehensible ... conduct " in a court martial held to determine charges he had laid against a subordinate.

They found that he had led his men onto the enemy's guns with " valour ... conspicuously displayed " but thereafter " his conduct as a General was open to criticism ".

His conduct in this matter displayed his ability, but his zeal for the exaction of ecclesiastical dues was remembered in 1641 in the articles brought against him in parliament, which appear to have led to the sequestration of his very considerable preferments.

The Federal Circuit found Aspex guilty of misleading conduct because it led Clariti to believe it would not enforce its patent, and thus Aspex was estopped and could not proceed with the suit.

In the last few years, the application of chromatographic and other modern techniques to the problem of isolating TSH has led to further purification ( Bates and Condliffe, 1960 ; ;

This refusal to accept any renunciation of allegiance to the Crown led to conflict with the United States over impressment, and then led to further conflicts even during the War of 1812, when thirteen Irish American prisoners of war were executed as traitors after the Battle of Queenston Heights ; Winfield Scott urged American reprisal, but none was carried out.

This led to a further revolt near Philippopolis, and the commander of the field army in the west, Gregory Pakourianos, was defeated and killed in the ensuing battle.

Pericles led 250 ships, originally intended to attack Cyprus, to their aid because it would further damage Persia.

Such a thin chronology and little background knowledge has led to gross misinterpretations of his works, and thus further investigation must always be done to conclude with confidence that Aelbert Cuyp is the genuine source of such great paintings.

The lack of artifacts caused concern for some archaeologists and the petrofabric analysis was inconclusive, but further research at Maes Howe and on the Bush Barrow Lozenge led MacKie to conclude that while the term ' science ' may be anachronistic, Thom was broadly correct upon the subject of high-accuracy alignments.

The discovery of chlorpromazine's psychoactive effects in 1952 led to greatly reduced use of restraint, seclusion, and sedation in the management of agitated patients, and also led to further research that resulted in the development of antidepressants, anxiolytics, and the majority of other drugs now used in the management of psychiatric conditions.

As an ethologist, Morris further proposed that breasts, a secondary sex characteristic located on the woman's chest, encouraged face-to-face sexual intercourse that led to the establishment of an emotional bond between man and woman ; social progress from an essentially procreational function of human biology.

The success of this paper led to five further publications, The Rover and The Wizard in 1922, The Vanguard in 1924, The Skipper in 1930 and The Hotspur in 1933.

A railway station on Brighton Road ( on the Birmingham to Bristol line ) led to further expansion, and the end of the 19th century saw a proliferation of high-density small terraced houses.

Further improvement upon the idea of instruction pipelining led to the development of a method that decreases the idle time of CPU components even further.

It led to the system of Constitutional Monarchy, with further reforms shifting the balance of power from the monarchy and nobility to the House of Commons.

This led to further resentment and suggestions that these same freedmen were ruling the Emperor.

This, arguably has led to uneven development, and further informal forms of social control having to do with culture and imperialism.

The subsequent Treaty of Versailles led to further territorial and financial losses.

The ancient Amber Road led further southwest and southeast to the Black Sea and eventually to Asia.

This was further underpinned by the work of Justus von Liebig, which led to the development of modern food storage and food preservation methods.

From 1900, the Pathé company films also frequently copied and varied the ideas of the British film-makers, without making any major innovations in narrative film construction, but eventually the sheer volume of their production led to their film-makers giving a further precision and polish to the details of film continuity.

" This sentence is located randomly in the middle of a discussion of southern Italy ; no further mention of Britain is made, which has led some, though not all, modern academics to suggest that the rescript does not apply to Britain, but to Bruttium in Italy.

The various Divisions are further divided into sub Branches, led by Deputy Assisant Directors.

In June 2009, the European Court of Auditors published a report, pointing out governance issues, substantial delays and budget overruns that led to project stalling in 2007, leading to further delays and failures.

This led to a further decline in his output around 1762, however, he was still capable of composing music of highest quality, and continued to write until his death on the evening of 25 June 1767.

It was replaced by a second version one month later, followed by six further drafts published by IETF itself that finally led to HTML 2. 0 in RFC1866