A monastery must have been granted the status of an abbey by the Pope, and such monasteries are normally raised to this level after showing a degree of stability — a certain number of monks in vows, a certain number of years of establishment, a certain firmness to the foundation in economic, vocational and legal aspects.

Prior to this, the monastery would be a mere priory, headed by a prior who acts as superior but without the same degree of legal authority that an abbot has.

Though the ceremony installs the new abbot into a position of legal authority, it does not confer further sacramental authority-it is not a further degree of Holy Orders ( although some abbots have been ordained to the episcopacy ).

The degree to which these external factors should influence adjudication is the subject of active debate, but that judges do draw of learning from other fields and jurisdictions is a fact of modern legal life.

Concubinage was " tolerated to the degree that it did not threaten the religious and legal integrity of the family ".

In the legal profession, graduates of almost all Canadian law schools receive the LLB degree and are not referred to as " doctor " ( in a growing number of Canadian law schools the degree of Juris Doctor is conferred, but the title is not used in practice ).

All EU citizens are now " legally entitled " to use and be titled ( addressed ) as " Doctor " or " Dr ." in all formal, legal and published communications ( provided they do in fact hold the appropriate degree ).

Each of the Hanseatic cities had its own legal system and a degree of political autonomy.

Abdur Rahman's reforms of the army, legal system and structure of government were able to give Afghanistan a degree of unity and stability which it had not before known.

To a lesser degree, international law also may affect multinational corporations and individuals, an impact increasingly evolving beyond domestic legal interpretation and enforcement.

Although nearing ordination at the Yeshiva University's Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, he transferred to the Jewish Theological Seminary of America ( JTSA ), where he was ordained in 1934 and received the advanced Jewish legal degree of Hattarat Hora ’ ah under the great talmudic scholar Rabbi Professor Louis Ginzberg.

The UK government has consistently adopted a " non-interventionist policy ", and following the " high degree of consensus amongst academics, legal advisers, politicians and officials " would only intervene " in the event of a fundamental breakdown in public order or the rule of law, endemic corruption in the government or other extreme circumstances ".

At a regional level, groups of states can create political and legal bodies with sometimes complicated patchworks of overlapping provisions detailing the jurisdictional relationships between the member states and providing for some degree of harmonization between their national legislative and judicial functions, for example, the European Union and African Union both have the potential to become federated states although the political barriers to such unification in the face of entrenched nationalism will be very difficult to overcome.

The degree of legal recognition provided to transsexualism varies widely throughout the world.

In fact, it is even unclear whether Hart himself held this view in its broad form, for he insisted both that to be a legal system rules must have a certain minimum content, which content overlaps with moral concerns, and that it must attain at least some degree of justice in the administration of laws.

In 1915, the degree titles conferred by KTH received legal protection.

The first 250 years of the current era are the period during which Roman law and Roman legal science reached the highest degree of perfection.

However, from a legal perspective, they are capital stock and therefore may entitle holders to some degree of control depending on whether they contain voting rights.

In 1789, alluding to the limited degree of legal protection afforded to slaves in the French West Indies by the Code Noir, he wrote:

In the Holy Roman Empire, and to a degree in its successor states the German Confederation and the German Empire, so-called " free imperial cities " ( nominative singular freie Reichsstadt, nominative plural freie Reichsstädte ) held the legal status of imperial immediacy, according to which they were not subinfeudated to any vassal ruler and were instead subject to the authority of the Emperor alone.

There is thus always a degree to which informed consent must be assumed or inferred based upon observation, or knowledge, or legal reliance.

In addition the story of Moses ' origins shares a similarity with that of Sargon of Akkad, and the Ten Commandments mirror Assyrian-Babylonian legal codes to some degree.

" After he graduated he " worked in a bakery back in Portland with a bachelor ’ s degree in philosophy and legal theory.

did not find a relationship between ethnic groups with polygyny and increased frequency of civil wars but nations having legal polygamy may have more civil wars.

Genocide is " the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group ", though what constitutes enough of a " part " to qualify as genocide has been subject to much debate by legal scholars.

These distinctive ethnic, cultural, and legal differences of the Galatians encouraged them to remain definitively different even into the early Middle Ages.

For a legal backup, the German German Restitution Laws ( Bundesentschädigungsgesetz ) were passed in 1956, allowing individuals and other ethnic groups than Jews to lay claims for compensation from the German state, if they were victims of Nazi prosecution.

In most cases, the only avenue open to self-determination for colonial or national ethnic minority populations was to achieve international legal personality as a nation-state.

The government used the legal entity known as the millet system, under which religious and ethnic minorities were allowed to manage their own affairs with substantial independence from central control.

In 2001, the European Union explicitly banned racism, along with many other forms of social discrimination, in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, the legal effect of which, if any, would necessarily be limited to Institutions of the European Union: " Article 21 of the charter prohibits discrimination on any ground such as race, color, ethnic or social origin, genetic features, language, religion or belief, political or any other opinion, membership of a national minority, property, disability, age or sexual orientation and also discrimination on the grounds of nationality.

It has been declared legal for police to make skin color and " non-German ethnic origin " criteria for the selection of persons who will be asked for identification in spot-checks for illegal immigrants.

Moreover, new states were recognized by the legal doctrine of uti possidetis juris, meaning that old administrative boundaries would become international boundaries upon independence even if they had little relevance to linguistic, ethnic, and cultural boundaries.

Outside legal spheres, the word " traitor " may also be used to describe a person who betrays ( or is accused of betraying ) their own political party, nation, family, friends, ethnic group, team, religion, social class, or other group to which they may belong.

With the policies of legal racism delineated by the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 and their consequences, the continued deportation of Jews, the prospect of ' ethnic cleansing ' of Europe and the existing sterilization laws extending to actual murder in 1939, the Wannsee Conference in 1942 can be seen to be simply as a means to codify murder in order to expedite existing policy.

The accused were convicted of crimes relating to murder, armed robbery, and participating in ethnic clashes in Southern Darfur that killed at least 10 people, but Amnesty International believes that the convicted were tortured and did not receive fair trials and adequate legal representation.

There is now little debate about the general legal status of involuntary population transfers: Where population transfers used to be accepted as a means to settle ethnic conflict, today, forced population transfers are considered violations of international law.

Timothy V. Waters argues in " On the Legal Construction of Ethnic Cleansing " that the expulsions of the ethnic German population east of the Oder-Neisse line the Sudetenland and elsewhere in Eastern Europe without legal redress ( cf.

the Expulsion of Germans after World War II ) has set a legal precedent that can permit future ethnic cleansing of other populations under international law.

Thus, from an early stage in its history, when used as a label for various groups of people, the term " Latin " has had purely legal and cultural meanings, not ethnic.

The legal definition of genocide is left unspecific about the exact nature in which genocide is done only that it is destruction with intent to destroy a racial, religious, ethnic or national group as such.

Besides advocating for their legal rights, Cajuns also recovered ethnic pride and appreciation for their ancestry.

The idea in ethnic cleansing is " to get people to move, and the means used to this end range from the legal to the semi-legal.

The Government's focus then switched from abolition to reform and, in particular, reform of the much-criticised " secret soundings " of Judges and other establishment legal figures upon which the old system was based, which was said to be inappropriate and unfair given the size of the modern profession, a possible source of improper Government patronage ( since the final recommendations were made by the Lord Chancellor, who is a member of the Government ), and discriminatory against part-time workers ( especially women ) and ethnic minorities.

As with many legal implementations of the Right of Return, the " return " to Germany of individuals who may never have lived in Germany based on their ethnic origin has been controversial.

According to this view, the state should not acknowledge ethnic, national or racial identity but rather instead enforce political and legal equality of all individuals.

Historically, riots have occurred due to poor working or living conditions, governmental oppression, taxation or conscription, conflicts between ethnic groups, food supply or religions ( see race riot, sectarian violence and pogrom ), the outcome of a sporting event ( see football hooliganism ) or frustration with legal channels through which to air grievances.

Even though the MoU was not a legal agreement, the Kibaki Government ’ s turning away from it and removing from government the group of Ministers associated to Odinga had the effect of increasing the polarization of politics along ethnic lines.