School textbooks in Ireland follow the cultural norm of summer commencing on 1 May rather than the meteorological definition of 1 June.

According to the American calendar, the U. S. summer season is commonly regarded as beginning on Memorial Day weekend ( the last weekend in May ) and ending on Labor Day weekend ( the first weekend in September ), more closely in line with the meteorological definition ; the similar Canadian tradition starts summer on Victoria Day one week prior ( although summer conditions vary widely across Canada's expansive territory ) and ends, like the United States, on Labour Day.

Because the temperature lag is shorter in the oceanic temperate southern hemisphere most countries in this region, especially Australia and New Zealand, use the meteorological definition with summer starting on December 1 and ending on the last day of February.

The definition of cloud forest can be ambiguous, with many countries not using the term ( preferring such terms as Afromontane forest and upper montane rain forest, montane laurel forest, or more localised terms such as the Bolivian yungas, and the laurisilva of the Atlantic Islands ), and occasionally subtropical and even temperate forests in which similar meteorological conditions occur are considered to be cloud forests.

A strict meteorological definition of a terrestrial storm is a wind measuring 10 or higher on the Beaufort scale, meaning a wind speed of 24. 5 m / s ( 89 km / h, 55 mph ) or more ; however, popular usage is not so restrictive.

The United States Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) lays down the definition in its publication the Aeronautical Information Manual as aviation routine weather report while the international authority for the code form, the WMO, holds the definition to be aerodrome routine meteorological report.

A lot of consideration has been given to the design of the layout, the functional definition of the working positions, the operations room surface area for ANS provision and meteorological observation, as well as to the requirements for visibility to the runway and the approaches and access to an open observation platform.

In the Southern hemisphere, the beginning of the meteorological summer is 1 December.

In the Northern hemisphere, the beginning of the meteorological summer is 1 June.

The meteorological reckoning of seasons is used in Austria, Denmark and the former USSR ; it is also used by many in the United Kingdom, where summer is thought of as extending from mid-May to mid-August.

In Ireland, the summer months according to the national meteorological service, Met Éireann, are June, July and August.

From the astronomical perspective, days continue to lengthen from equinox to solstice and summer days progressively shorten after the solstice, so meteorological summer encompasses the build-up to the longest day and a diminishing thereafter, with summer having many more hours of daylight than spring.

Temperatures in summer frequently exceed 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) and make cropping without irrigation risky without sophisticated meteorological forecasting techniques.

Eiffel had meteorological measuring equipment placed on the tower in 1889, and also built a weather station at his house in Sèvres.

Under Visual meteorological conditions the minimum visual range, distance from cloud, and heights to be maintained above ground vary by jurisdiction, and may also vary according to the airspace in which the aircraft is operating.

In most if not all countries of the world, VFR pilots also have an option for requesting Special VFR when meteorological conditions at an airport are below normal VMC minima, but above Special VFR requirements.

Besides coastal exploration, Portuguese also made trips off in the ocean to gather meteorological and oceanographic information ( in these were discovered the archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores, and Sargasso Sea ).

Supplementary meteorological stations have also been established at middle elevation ( above sea level ) and in the valley at.

Ibn Khaldun also anticipated the meteorological climate theory later proposed by Montesquieu in the 18th century.

Military forces also use geographical and meteorological information from Earth observation satellites.

Lift can also occur in a different way if the air is not still, especially if there is an updraft due to heat (" thermals ") or wind blowing along sloping terrain or other meteorological conditions.

This meteorological phenomenon is also referred to simply as ice crystals and is reported in the METAR code as IC.

In 2002 a nature reserve was established that covers all of the island, except around the meteorological station ; the reserve also includes the adjacent waters to four nautical miles () from the coast.

From 1836 the Brockenwirt, who also ran the guest house and restaurant, kept meteorological records.

His name is also recalled as the meteorological term Ulloa's halo ( also known as Bouguer's halo ), which an observer may see infrequently in fog when sun breaks through ( for example, on a mountain ) — effectively a " fog-bow " ( as opposed to a " rain-bow ").

Their secondary application is also meteorological, as zenith-pointing surface instruments that view the Earth's atmosphere in a region above the stationary instrument.

India also operates geostationary satellites called INSAT which carry instruments for meteorological purposes.

Besides coastal exploration, Portuguese ships also made trips further out to gather meteorological and oceanographic information.

Mammatus, also known as mammatocumulus ( meaning " mammary cloud " or " breast cloud "), is a meteorological term applied to a cellular pattern of pouches hanging underneath the base of a cloud.

In Tahiti, he also built an observatory and a network of meteorological stations.

The mountain range also gives its name to a meteorological effect when cold air from the Atlantic coast meets warm air of southern winds from the Mediterranean and causes heavy autumnal downpours, often leading to floods.

Fujita was also the first to widely study the meteorological phenomenon of the downburst, which can pose serious danger to aircraft.

His name is also recalled as the meteorological term Bouguer's halo ( also known as Ulloa's halo, after Antonio de Ulloa, a Spanish member of his South American expedition ) which an observer may see infrequently in fog when sun breaks through ( for example, on a mountain ) and looks down-sun — effectively a " Fog bow " ( as opposed to a " rain-bow ").

He also collected specimens of every object of commerce, delineated maps of the country, made systematic meteorological and astronomical observations, and prepared grammars and dictionaries of the languages spoken on the banks of the Sénégal.

Cup-type anemometer with vertical axis, a sensor on a remote meteorological station deployed on Skagit Bay, Washington ( state ) | Washington July – August, 2009.

The islands are today nature reserves with a meteorological station garrisoned by French troops ( The French Foreign Legion ).

) with no formal meteorological training.

Sea clutter can be reduced by using horizontal polarization, while rain is reduced with circular polarization ( note that meteorological radars wish for the opposite effect, therefore using linear polarization to detect precipitation ).

Scientific research satellites provide us with meteorological information, land survey data ( e. g., remote sensing ), Amateur ( HAM ) Radio, and other different scientific research applications such as earth science, marine science, and atmospheric research.

In keeping with its mandate to promote the standardization of meteorological observations, the WMO maintains numerous code forms for the representation and exchange of meteorological, oceanographical, and hydrological data.

A zonal flow regime is the meteorological term meaning that the general flow pattern is west to east along the Earth's latitude lines, with weak shortwaves embedded in the flow.

In May 1844 he had yet another stroke ; on 26 July he recorded with trembling hand his last meteorological observation.

These models work by combining satellite measurements of chemical concentrations and meteorological fields with chemical reaction rate constants obtained in lab experiments.

The cloud symbols are translated from numerical codes included with other meteorological data that make up the contents of international synoptic messages transmitted at regular intervals by professionally trained staff at major weather stations.

More organized meteorological projects such as VORTEX2 use an array of sensors, such as the Doppler on Wheels, vehicles with mounted automated weather stations, weather balloons, and unmanned aircraft to investigate thunderstorms expected to produce severe weather.

Works attributed to Seneca include a dozen philosophical essays, one hundred and twenty-four letters dealing with moral issues, nine tragedies, a satire, and a meteorological essay.

He had brought with him a collection of magnetical, nautical and meteorological instruments valued at £ 2000, which had been provided by the King of Bavaria.

The numerical meteorological simulation was conducted by using WRF on the Earth Simulator for the earth's hemisphere with the Nature Run model condition.

McGill had long been running a meteorological station on Barbados and had close connections with the new Democratic Labour Party ( DLP ), and suggested that it would make an ideal location for the gun to be set up.

In 2002 it was renamed FitzRoy – in honour of the founder of the Met Office ) – to avoid confusion with the smaller sea area of the same name featuring in the marine forecasts produced by the French and Spanish meteorological offices.

This runway, located 360 metres north of the existing runway and parallel to it and is equipped with the latest meteorological, airfield lighting and instrument landing systems to give the airport a Category II classification.

Military and civilian government meteorological agencies such as the National Weather Service in the US typically launch balloons, and by international agreements almost all the data is shared with all nations.