As methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site.

is an analytical methodology to combine statistical moments from individual segments of a time-history such that the resulting overall moments are those of the complete time-history.

His primary interest was in applying the methodology of science to realms of inner experience and the spiritual worlds ( Steiner's appreciation that the essence of science is its method of inquiry is unusual among esotericists ), and Steiner called anthroposophy Geisteswissenschaft ( lit.

methodology is to employ a scientific way of thinking, but to apply this methodology, which normally excludes our inner experience from consideration, instead to the human being proper.

Carlo Willmann points out that as, on its own terms, anthroposophical methodology offers no possibility of being falsified except through its own procedures of spiritual investigation, no intersubjective validation is possible by conventional scientific methods ; it thus cannot stand up to positivistic science's criticism.

Aveni states that one of the strengths of the Brown methodology is that it can explore astronomies invisible to statistical analysis and offers the astronomy of the Incas as another example.

It is an object modeling language and methodology that was widely used in object-oriented analysis and design.

The classic interpretation of blitzkrieg is that of German tactical and operational methodology in the first half of the Second World War that was often hailed as a new method of warfare.

Another misconception, enhanced by Guderian's own account, that he was the sole creator of German tactical and operational methodology is also misleading.

It is a key concept of the so-called Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation ( GLUE ) methodology to quantify how uncertain environmental predictions are.

Today he is appreciated largely for his contributions to logic, mathematics, philosophy, scientific methodology, and semiotics, and for his founding of pragmatism.

In a business context, complexity management is the methodology to minimize value-destroying complexity and efficiently control value-adding complexity in a cross-functional approach.

The design methodology to produce such secure systems is precise, deterministic and logical.

If only partial consilience is observed, this allows for the detection of errors in methodology ; any weaknesses in one technique can be compensated for by the strengths of the others.

Though it is important to note that in Kimball methodology, the bottom-up process is the result of an initial business-oriented Top-down analysis of the relevant business processes to be modelled.

The main disadvantage to the top-down methodology is that it represents a very large project with a very broad scope.

The up-front cost for implementing a data warehouse using the top-down methodology is significant, and the duration of time from the start of project to the point that end users experience initial benefits can be substantial.

Computer simulation of multicellular development is a research methodology to understand the function of the very complex processes involved in the development of organisms.

* REMORA methodology is an event-driven approach for designing information systems, developed by Colette Rolland.

The published research resulted in a Technical Performance Management ( TPM ) methodology and software application that is still used by many DoD agencies in informing EVM estimates with technical achievement.

The method is important in microbiology for fast but crude morphological identification, but can also be used as the basis for high resolution 3D reconstruction using EM tomography methodology when carbon films are used for support.

This methodology could be used for parallel computation of statistical moments with subsequent combination of those moments, or for combination of statistical moments computed at sequential times.

* Anglo-Saxon accounting, accounting methodology used in English-speaking countries-see Anglo-Saxon economy

Critics of corporate-led globalization have expressed concern about the methodology used in arriving at the World Bank's statistics and argue that more detailed variables measuring poverty should be studied.

* Change data capture, a methodology used in data warehousing and databases

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, EVM emerged as a project management methodology to be understood and used by managers and executives, not just EVM specialists.

Two unique features set systems engineering apart from other engineering disciplines: ( 1 ) the particular attention devoted to both the physical processes involved and to the decision making components of the industrial environment, and ( 2 ) the wide scope applicability of its systems methodology, not limited to manufacturing industries, but effectively used in all kinds of business organizations.

There are different approaches to the methodology used in fiqh to derive sharia from the Islamic sources.

According to the official 2011 census, which used sophisticated methodology, the population of Greece was 10, 787, 690.

Critics have raised concerns about the methodology used to collect data, including that data in the reports could not have been obtained without collaborations with child molesters.

Firstly, because it looks again at Anatolia and Anatolians, and more importantly, because it hews back to the methodology first used by Cumont.

Bayesian methods would suggest that one hypothesis was more probable than the other, but individual Bayesians might differ about which was the more probable and by how much, by virtue of having used different priors ; but that's the same thing as disagreeing on significance levels, except significance levels are just an ad hoc device which are not really a probability, while priors are not only justified by the rules of probability, but there is definitely a normative methodology to define beliefs ; so even if a Bayesian wanted to express complete ignorance ( as a frequentist claims to do but does it wrong ), they could do it with the maximum entropy principle.

PRiSM is also used to refer to the training and accreditation of authorized practitioners of the methodology who must undertake accredited qualifications based on competency to obtain the GPM certification.

Regardless of the methodology or terminology used, the same basic project management processes will be used.

Any event that triggers an undesired scenario alternative is identified as risk – see Futures Studies for methodology used by Futurists.

The original study did not describe the treatment methodology used, but this was published five years later.

Statistical theory provides an underlying rationale and provides a consistent basis for the choice of methodology used in applied statistics.

This methodology is used extensively on aircraft and involves understanding the failure modes of the serviceable replaceable assemblies in addition to the means to detect or predict an impending failure.

There is a whole literature on the procedural principles to be used in settling the practical law when disagreements exist: see under # Logic and methodology below.

While each study used different methodology, their results must be taken seriously and further studies are warranted.

Cultural ( or social ) anthropology has traditionally looked at community through the lens of ethnographic fieldwork and ethnography continues to be an important methodology for study of modern communities.

The methodology and conclusions of the study have been criticized by teachers ' unions.

Historiography refers either to the study of the methodology and development of " history " ( as a discipline ), or to a body of historical work on a specialized topic.

The goal of this group was to establish a quantitative methodology for the study of bias.

However, there has been considerable controversy over this as later researchers have failed to reproduce the original findings of Rauscher ( e. g. Steele, Bass & Crook, 1999 ), questioned both theory and methodology of the original study ( Fudis & Lembesis 2004 ) and suggested that the enhancing effects of music in experiments have been simply due to an increased level of arousal ( Thompson, Schellenberg & Husain, 2001 ).

Labour and Social Welfare Minister Immanuel Ngatjizeko praised the 2008 study as " by far superior in scope and quality to any that has been available previously ", but its methodology has also received criticism.

Philosophical method ( or philosophical methodology ) is the study of how to do philosophy.

By the mid-1980s, however, the study of rhetorical criticism began to move away from precise methodology towards conceptual issues.

Building on both the Western esoteric tradition and theosophy, Rudolf Steiner and others in the anthroposophic tradition have attempted to apply systematic methodology to the study of spiritual phenomena, building upon ontological and epistemological questions that arose out of transcendental philosophy.

* Understanding risk and threat analysis methodology and the benefits of an empirical study of the physical security of a facility.

While both musicology and ethnomusicology are defined by being ' the scholarly study of music ' they differ in their methodology and subject of research.

The term " natural science " is used to distinguish the subject matter from the social sciences, which apply the scientific method to study human behavior and social patterns ; the humanities, which use a critical or analytical approach to study the human condition ; and the formal sciences such as mathematics and logic, which use an a priori, as opposed to factual methodology to study formal systems.

While the origins of the study of celestial features and phenomenon can be traced back to antiquity, the scientific methodology of this field began to develop in the middle of the 17th century.

The study has been criticised for its methodology but the main finding that denser cities, particularly in Asia, have lower car use than sprawling cities, particularly in North America, has been largely accepted-although the relationship is clearer at the extremes across continents than it is within countries where conditions are more similar.

Greenpeace's Cool IT Leaderboard of February 2012 " evaluates global IT companies on their leadership in the fight to stop climate change " and ranks Fujitsu 3rd out of 21 leading manufacturers, on the strength of " well-developed case study data of its solutions with transparent methodology " and " out in the Leaderboard for scoring high in the Future Savings Goal criterion.

This methodology is subject to several potential sources of error: some fatal attacks may not have been reported ; a study might not find all of the relevant news reports ; and the potential for misidentification of dog breeds, although courts in the United States and Canada have ruled that expert identification, when using published breed standards, is sufficient for the enforcement of breed-specific legislation.

The study, the methodology of which was not specified, is due to report results in the fall of 2010.

Orosius was a highly influential figure both for the dissemination of information ( History Against the Pagans was one of the main sources of information regarding Antiquity that was used up to the Renaissance ) and for rationalising the study of history ( his methodology greatly influenced later historians ).

The government-sponsored study purported to measure the concentrations of toxic substances in aircraft cabin air but used such inappropriate methodology the results were of little value.

In retrospect, the scientific value of the debate lies more in providing examples that a cladistic methodology is not incompatible with an overall phenetical scientific doctrine, and that thus, simply because some study " uses cladistics ", it does not guarantee superior results.