In 1929, Mojżesz Presburger showed that the theory of natural numbers with addition and equality ( now called Presburger arithmetic in his honor ) is decidable and gave an algorithm that could determine if a given sentence in the language was true or false.

Although not described as a democracy by the founding fathers, the United States founders also shared a determination to root the American experiment in the principle of natural freedom and equality.

Some sources define egalitarianism as the point of view that equality reflects the natural state of humanity.

One form is equality of persons in right, sometimes referred to as natural rights, and John Locke is sometimes considered the founder of this form .< ref > Arneson Richard, " Egalitarianism ", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( 2002.

On his part, Emmerich de Vattel argued instead for the equality of states as articulated by 18th century natural law and suggested that the law of nations was composed of custom and law on the one hand, and natural law on the other.

In the words of patriot Benjamin Rush, " The Old Testament is the best refutation that can be given to the divine right of kings, and the strongest argument that can be used in favor of the original and natural equality of all mankind.

According to Norberto Bobbio, one of the major exponents of this distinction, the Left believes in attempting to eradicate social inequality, while the Right regards most social inequality as the result of ineradicable natural inequalities, and sees attempts to enforce social equality as utopian or authoritarian.

According to Locke, an absolute ruler as proposed by Hobbes is unnecessary, for natural law is based on reason and equality, seeking peace and survival for man.

That is, the natural numbers are closed under equality.

The Greek Stoics advocated the brotherhood of humanity and the natural equality of all human beings, and consistently critiqued slavery as against the law of nature.

" He further argued that the right of property contradicted these other rights: " Then if we are associated for the sake of liberty, equality, and security, we are not associated for the sake of property ; then if property is a natural right, this natural right is not social, but anti-social.

They both depended upon natural law and the spiritual equality of human beings which that implied.

The original ideas in his system are those of the natural equality of intelligences and the omnipotence of education, neither of which gained general acceptance, though both were prominent in the system of John Stuart Mill.

Another view, also present in the ancient literature, asserts that humoral equality is identical to health, and that persons with preponderances of humours are proportionately unhealthy, and that this is not their natural temperament.

In mathematics, a k-hyperperfect number is a natural number n for which the equality n = 1 + k ( σ ( n ) − n − 1 ) holds, where σ ( n ) is the divisor function ( i. e., the sum of all positive divisors of n ).

The principles of equality, natural rights, universal suffrage, and freedom of the press are all disguises for class war ( the bourgeois against the aristocracy ).

For example, the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which states a person cannot be denied the right to vote based on gender, or Section Fifteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which guarantees equality rights, apply to natural persons only.

" I repose in this quiet and secluded spot, not from any natural preference for solitude, but finding other cemeteries limited as to race, by charter rules, I have chosen this that I might illustrate in my death the principles which I advocated through a long life, equality of man before his Creator.

In his championship of the natural liberty and equality of all men, Antiphon anticipates the natural rights doctrine of Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and the Declaration of Independence.

Dirac had noted that the gravitational constant G is very roughly equal to the inverse age of the universe ( in certain ' natural ' units ), and had concluded that G must vary to maintain this equality.

It contrasts with classical liberalism and aristocratic conservatism, rejecting both the principle of equality as something in discordance with human nature, and instead, emphasizing the idea of natural inequality.

After attaining to great proficiency in that kind of learning, Abdallatif applied himself to natural philosophy and medicine.

Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalizing the work of Evangelista Torricelli.

In the broadest sense, the term impact crater can be applied to any depression, natural or manmade, resulting from the high velocity impact of a projectile with a larger body.

Specifically, if p is the natural length of a section of spring, then the length of the spring with tension T applied has length

Examples of broad areas of academic disciplines include the natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, social sciences, humanities and applied sciences.

There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management ( agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries ), city planning ( urban ecology ), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction ( human ecology ).

When natural resource management is applied to whole ecosystems, rather than single species, it is termed ecosystem management.

This allows one to succinctly express, for example, the successor function as the addition operator partially applied to the natural number one.

Geology and geologic principles can be applied to various environmental problems, such as stream restoration, the restoration of brownfields, and the understanding of the interactions between natural habitat and the geologic environment.

The term has also been applied to the attitudes of some corporations and governments toward the natural environment that lead them to ignore the dangers of global warming, oil spills, etc.

Although Locke had never explicitly stated that natural right applied to products of the mind, it is possible to apply his argument to intellectual property rights, in which it would be unjust for people to misuse another's ideas.

Extract of natural indigo applied to paper

Extract of natural indigo applied to paper

The history of Chinese inks can be traced back to the 18th century BC, with the utilization of natural plant ( plant dyes ), animal, and mineral inks based on such materials as graphite that were ground with water and applied with ink brushes.

He showed interest in natural science and mathematics, but applied himself to studying theology, ecclesiastical law, and philosophy.

Giorgio Vasari, who argued that historical progress in art reached its peak in Michelangelo, emphasized Alberti's scholarly achievements, not his artistic talents: " He spent his time finding out about the world and studying the proportions of antiquities ; but above all, following his natural genius, he concentrated on writing rather than on applied work.

The theoretical architecture derives from work on the description of natural discourse, and as such ‘ no very clear line is drawn between ‘( theoretical ) linguistics ’ and ‘ applied linguistics ’.

Mill also applied the term to land, which can manifest a natural monopoly by virtue of it being the only land with a particular mineral, etc.

Dynamic programming has been coupled with ANNs ( Neuro dynamic programming ) by Bertsekas and Tsitsiklis and applied to multi-dimensional nonlinear problems such as those involved in vehicle routing or natural resources management because of the ability of ANNs to mitigate losses of accuracy even when reducing the discretization grid density for numerically approximating the solution of the original control problems.

As a result Tarski held that the semantic theory could not be applied to any natural language, such as English, because they contain their own truth predicates.

This album introduced listeners to natural, formal, social and applied sciences.

As used in Moorish and Arabic decorative art ( from which, almost exclusively, it was known in the Middle Ages ), representations of living creatures were excluded ; but in the arabesques of Raphael, founded on the ancient Græco-Roman work of this kind, and in those of Renaissance decoration, human and animal figures, both natural and grotesque, as well as vases, armour, and objects of art, are freely introduced ; to this the term is now usually applied, the other being distinguished as Moorish Arabesque, or Moresque.

The positivist perspective, however, has been associated with ' scientism '; the view that the methods of the natural sciences may be applied to all areas of investigation, be it philosophical, social scientific, or otherwise.

Categories include: fine arts, applied arts, craft, archaeology, anthropology and ethnology, history, cultural history, science, technology, children's museums, natural history, botanical and zoological gardens.

One widely applied criterion for species recognition is that species are " groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.