Pragmatic description of populations as " white " in reference to their skin color predates this notion and is found in Greco-Roman ethnography and other ancient sources.

The notion of dependencies between grammatical units has existed since the earliest recorded grammars, e. g. Pāṇini, and the dependency concept therefore arguably predates the constituency notion by many centuries.

When the notion of a barracks emperor is extended to any emperor that was appointed by the army, more emperors whose reign predates the 3rd century can be included:

In view of implacable demands by the political leadership of both Hindu and Islamic communities in British India for a separate Hindu and a separate Muslim homeland, Mountbatten conceded the notion of two nations consisting of a Hindu-majority India and a Muslim-majority Pakistan ( which incorporated East Pakistan, now Bangladesh ).

Some branches of mathematics such as algebraic geometry, typically influenced by the French school of Bourbaki, use the term quasi-compact for the general notion, and reserve the term compact for topological spaces that are both Hausdorff and quasi-compact.

It was similar to the European notion of the divine right of kings in that both sought to legitimize rule from divine approval.

In one correspondence, Murad entertained the notion that Islam and Protestantism had " much more in common than either did with Roman Catholicism, as both rejected the worship of idols ", and argued for an alliance between England and the Ottoman Empire.

While extending the notion of number by means of his revolutionary concept of infinite cardinality, Cantor was paradoxically opposed to theories of infinitesimals of his contemporaries Otto Stolz and Paul du Bois-Reymond, describing them as both " an abomination " and " a cholera bacillus of mathematics ".

There is a notion in halakha that violations of the latter are more severe, in certain ways, because of the requirement that one must obtain forgiveness both from the offended person and from God.

The notion of irreducible fraction generalizes to the field of fractions of any unique factorization domain: any element of such a field can be written as a fraction in which denominator and numerator are coprime, by dividing both by their greatest common divisor.

While Rousseau's notion of the progressive moral degeneration of mankind from the moment civil society established itself diverges markedly from Spinoza's claim that human nature is always and everywhere the same ... for both philosophers the pristine equality of the state of nature is our ultimate goal and criterion ... in shaping the " common good ", volonté générale, or Spinoza's mens una, which alone can ensure stability and political salvation.

This is understood by both mainstream Muslims and historians to have been stated by Muhammad to emphasize upon the notion of equality between all the prophets and the law of making no distinction between any of the messengers.

The success of the De Leonist plan depends on achieving majority support among the people both in the workplaces and at the polls, in contrast to the Leninist notion that a small vanguard party should lead the working class to carry out the revolution.

In one correspondence, Murad entertained the notion that Islam and Protestantism had " much more in common than either did with Roman Catholicism, as both rejected the worship of idols ", and argued for an alliance between England and the Ottoman Empire.

Though the notion appears frequently throughout Nietzsche's work, he uses the term in a variety of ways, with different meanings and connotations, both positive and negative.

Panentheistic Christian Universalists often believe that all creation's subsistence in God renders untenable the notion of final and permanent alienation from Him ; they point to Biblical scripture passages such as Ephesians 4: 6 (" is over all and through all and in all ") and Romans 11: 36 (" from and through him and to him are all things ") to justify both panentheism and universalism.

Arithmetic geometry also benefits from this notion, and many concepts exist in both geometry and number theory.

A pure P2P network does not have the notion of clients or servers but only equal peer nodes that simultaneously function as both " clients " and " servers " to the other nodes on the network.

John Scalzi's novel Redshirts ( 2012 ) both spoofs and pays homage to the notion of disposable low-ranking crew members on a Star Trek-style starship.

Perhaps the most notable issue here was the nature of truth, which both Kuhn and Foucault described as a relative and contingent notion.

Describing it as " cheap, grubby and out of control ", Mark Olsen of the Los Angeles Times declared that it " both defines and entirely supersedes the very notion of the exploitation picture ".

Against the function of the unconscious in both Nietzsche and Spengler, Adorno argued that Freud's notion of the unconscious serves as a " sharp weapon ... against every attempt to create a metaphysics of the instincts and to deify full, organic nature.

At the same time, however, and owing to both the presence of another prominent sociologist at the Institute, Karl Mannheim, as well as the methodological problem posed by treating objects-like " musical material "-as ciphers of social contradictions, Adorno was compelled to abandon any notion of " value-free " sociology in favor of a form of ideology critique which held on to an idea of truth.

Because Adorno believed that sociology needs to be self-reflective and self-critical, he believed that the language the sociologist uses, like the language of the ordinary person, is a political construct in large measure that uses, often unreflectingly, concepts installed by dominant classes and social structures ( such as our notion of " deviance " which includes both genuinely deviant individual and " hustlers " operating below social norms because they lack the capital to operate above: for an analysis of this phenomenon, cf.

However, this notion is problematic for a standing wave ( for example, a wave on a string ), where energy is moving in both directions equally, or for electromagnetic ( e. g., light ) waves in a vacuum, where the concept of medium does not apply and interaction with a target is the key to wave detection and practical applications.

Estragon suggests that they hang themselves, but they abandon the idea when it seems that they might not both die: leaving one of them alone, an intolerable notion.

This notion, however, has come under extreme criticism and is no longer the conventional wisdom among Sinologists, who have concluded that Imperial China had an elaborate system of both criminal and civil law which was comparable to anything found in Europe.

For example, Stephen Kleene describes the notion of a Turing machine tape as " a linear tape, ( potentially ) infinite in both directions.

However, Judeo-Christian thought also makes an " innovation of the first importance ", Eliade says, because it embraces the notion of linear, historical time ; in Christianity, " time is no longer the circular Time of the Eternal Return ; it has become linear and irreversible Time ".

Plotinus offers an alternative to the orthodox Christian notion of creation ex nihilo ( out of nothing ), which attributes to God the deliberation of mind and action of a will, although Plotinus never mentions Christianity in any of his works.

While this precise terminology —" by faith alone "— does not appear in English Bible translations other than in where it has been claimed that the author seems to reject the notion that a person is justified by God solely on account of faith, other Catholic authorities also used " alone " in their translation of Romans 3: 28 or exegesis of salvation by faith passages, and it is claimed to summarize the teaching of the New Testament, and especially the Pauline epistles such as, which systematically reject the proposition that justification before God is obtained due to the merit of one's obedience to the Law of Moses ( see also Biblical law in Christianity ), or Abraham's circumcision and works.

In order to change the notion of manhood so that men could oppose slavery without jeopardizing their self-image or their standing in society, some abolitionists drew on principles of women's suffrage and Christianity as well as passivism, and praised men for cooperation, compassion, and civic spirit.

Islam has inherited the notion of damnation from Christianity.

It is commonly argued that the notion of " creativity " originated in Western culture through Christianity, as a matter of divine inspiration.

Following Pico, he seemed to find in the Cabbala a profound theosophy which might be of the greatest service for the defence of Christianity and the reconciliation of science with the mysteries of faith, a common notion in that strange time of ferment, whatever may have developed in fact.

Moreover, Christianity rejects the notion of dual loyalty.

" He wonders “ over whom to get more embarrassed ; him who believes he can deceive humans in the eighteenth century with such farces or him who has the weakness to let himself be deceived .” He moves on to criticize the very notion of free will as construct that authorizes Christianity to proscribe certain " unmoral " actions.

What distinguished Marx from Feuerbach was his view of Feuerbach's humanism as excessively abstract, and so no less ahistorical and idealist than what it purported to replace, namely the reified notion of God found in institutional Christianity that legitimized the repressive power of the Prussian state.

However the notion of a classless society of believers, equal in the eyes of God and the members of that community, is widespread across most forms of Christianity, at least as an aspiration.

Eastern and Western traditions of Christianity grew apart as they incorporated the general notion of theoria into their respective teachings.

After a time, by the study of Origen and the other early Fathers, he became possessed with the notion of the importance of an allegorical or spiritual interpretation of Scripture, and advocated its use in the defence of Christianity both in his sermons and in his first book, while attacking what he saw as the shallow literalist interpretation of contemporary divines, The Old Apology for the Truth of the Christian Religion against the Jews and Gentiles Revived ( 1705 ).

This form is often identified with some notion of Early Christianity, which mostly existed during the first three centuries after the Christ's crucifixion.

The word liberal in liberal Christianity denotes a characteristic willingness to interpret scripture without any preconceived notion of inerrancy of scripture or the correctness of Church dogma.

His works travelled to all parts of the Christian West, spreading his medieval sermon tradition and its topics of Christian love, the meaning of the last Judgement, the rights of the poor and the notion of Christianity.

" Women were gaining rights, according to Mencken-the ability to partake in adultery without lasting public disgrace, the ability to divorce men, and even some escape from the notion of virginity as sacred, which remained as " one of the hollow conventions of Christianity.

There are religious, cultural and ancestral components to Jewish identity due to its fundamental non-proselytizing nature, as opposed to Christian or Muslim identity which are both " universal " religions in that they ascribe to the notion that their faith is meant to be spread throughout all of humanity, regardless of nationality, ( and still are, though to a far lessor extent than throughout its history in the case of Christianity ).

The native population adjusted to those aspects of Christianity that accorded itself to the view of the cosmos they already knew, including the notion of the intertwining of both religious and secular authority.

Hauerwas and Willmon proceed to discuss ethics and the relationship between Christianity and politics, critiquing the notion that Christians, or the church as a whole, should attempt to transform secular governments or get overly involved in politics in an attempt to change society.

Both rejected the notion of a sham conversion to Christianity as harmful to Christianity and the State, though, in line with Enlightenment values, neither precluded the idea of more civil rights for unconverted Jews.