Known both as a self-styled religious prophet with his own slant on apocalyptic Christianity, and as the author of philosophical historical novels which combined fervent idealism with literary innovation, Merezhkovsky was a nine times nominee for the Nobel Prize in literature, which he came closest to winning in 1933.

In December of that year, Tycho invited Kepler to visit him in Prague ; on January 1, 1600 ( before he even received the invitation ), Kepler set off in the hopes that Tycho's patronage could solve his philosophical problems as well as his social and financial ones.

With these ideas referring to an organized body of knowledge and " any systematically presented set of concepts, whether they are empirical, axiomatic, or philosophical, " Lehre " is associated with theory and science in the etymology of general systems, but also does not translate from the German very well ; " teaching " is the " closest equivalent ", but " sounds dogmatic and off the mark ".

While in many cases a story is cut off with the hero in danger of losing his life or another kind of deep trouble, in some parts of the full text Scheherazade stops her narration in the middle of an exposition of abstract philosophical principles or complex points of Islamic philosophy, and in one case during a detailed description of human anatomy according to Galen — and in all these cases turns out to be justified in her belief that the king's curiosity about the sequel would buy her another day of life.

Much of this thesis consisted of Foucault's discussion of textual dating – an " archaeology of the Kantian text " – although he rounded off the work with an evocation of Nietzche, who had become his biggest philosophical influence.

These are the concrete topics of conversation ; the more abstract philosophical resonances veer off into epistemology, nihilism, the origins of lust and madness.

Cārvāka emerged as an alternative to the orthodox Hindu pro-Vedic Āstika schools, as well as a philosophical predecessor to subsequent or contemporaneous nāstika philosophies such as Ājīvika, Jainism and Buddhism ( the latter two later spinning off into what may be described today as separate religions ) in the classical period of Indian philosophy.

Much of the euphoria has worn off as he becomes more contemplative and philosophical.

It is also the story of HARLIE's fight against being turned off, and the philosophical question whether or not HARLIE is human ; for that matter, what it means to be human.

Marx builds off of four contributions Hegel makes to our philosophical understanding.

One way of putting the worry might be this: for something to count as a paradigm just is for it to be the sort of achievement that cuts off certain sorts of foundational worries about the essential nature of the subject-matter and the validity of particular methods for studying it ; but these sorts of foundational worries are quintessentially philosophical worries.

He also had " a philosophical aversion to having his image bounced off a satellite.

The habitual use of these fruits of philosophical madness had turned his head: he had drawn from them the passion for irreligion: he daily engaged in the type of excess that it is easy to pass off as crimes.

With their rising success came philosophical differences with The Angels of Light who broke off to present free shows, but who similarly employed drag and theater to satirize issues of gender and morality.

They set off in search of Scarman through a series of chambers which are dependent upon solving logical and philosophical problems.

In 1990, urged on by Arne Næss, Goldsmith left the editorship of The Ecologist to Nicholas Hildyard, while taking time off to write his philosophical magnum opus The Way: an ecological worldview.

While the early nāstika systems such as Cārvāka and Ājīvika gradually became extinct or evolved into others, the Jain and Buddhist traditions spun off into what may be described today as separate religions, distinct from Hinduism ( which is now restrictively meant to encompass only the six orthodox Āstika philosophical systems ).

The announcement of the award cited his " scholarly contribution to the development of African philosophy and for sparking off the philosophical debate on social and political themes in Africa.

Herbert Marcuse criticized Being and Nothingness for projecting anxiety and meaninglessness onto the nature of existence itself: " Insofar as Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine, it remains an idealistic doctrine: it hypostatizes specific historical conditions of human existence into ontological and metaphysical characteristics.

Ontology ( from onto -, from the Greek ὤν, ὄντος " being ; that which is ", present participle of the verb εἰμί, eimi " be ", and-λογία ,-logia: science, study, theory ) is the philosophical study of the nature of being, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.

The original Greek sense ( a seat out of doors ) was applied to a room that opened onto a stoa, ringed with curved high-backed stone benches, a suitable place for a philosophical conversation.

When these fields are surveyed together, important patterns of relationship emerge indicating a vast community of reciprocal influence, a continuity of thought and expression including many traditions, primarily literary, religious, and philosophical, but frequently including contact with the fine arts and even, to some extent, with science.

The axiom of choice produces these intangibles ( objects that are proven to exist, but which cannot be explicitly constructed ), which may conflict with some philosophical principles.

There is still the position, based on the philosophical question of personal identity, termed open individualism, and in some ways similar to the old belief of monopsychism, that concludes that individual existence is illusory, and our consciousness continues existing after death in other conscious beings.

The " ethical " fragments preserved in Stobaeus ' Florilegium may represent " some philosophical book.

He was not without some philosophical training.

According to some scholars, the philosophical outlook of earliest Buddhism was primarily negative, in the sense that it focused on what doctrines to reject more than on what doctrines to accept.

One might also call them bodies, or physical particulars, or concrete things, or matter, or maybe substances ( but bear in mind the word ' substance ' has some special philosophical meanings ).

While some Lutherans believe in consubstantiation, others reject the concept because it substitutes what they believe to be the biblical doctrine with a philosophical construct and implies, in their view, a natural, local inclusion of the body and blood of Christ in the consecrated bread and wine of the eucharist .< ref > J. T.

While Western philosophical traditions, as exemplified by Descartes, equate mind with the conscious self and theorize on consciousness on the basis of mind / body dualism ; some Eastern philosophies provide an alternate viewpoint, intimately related to substance dualism, by drawing a metaphysical line between consciousness and matter — where matter includes both body and mind.

The second part of Cervantes ' Don Quixote, finished as a direct result of the Avellaneda book, has come to be regarded by some literary critics as superior to the first part, because of its greater depth of characterization, its discussions, mostly between Quixote and Sancho, on diverse subjects, and its philosophical insights.

While some have strong political, scholarly, or philosophical orientations, others are more informal associations of teachers and students dissatisfied with certain aspects of traditional education.

This may be the philosophical equivalent of the more pragmatic arguments made by some scientists.

Born in rural Connecticut, Allen had a frontier upbringing but also received an education that included some philosophical teachings.

Unlike some of his forefathers in Greek philosophy ( i. e. Plato and the other metaphysicians ), Epictetus focuses his attention on how to practically apply oneself on a philosophical level.

It states that faith is needed to determine some philosophical and religious truths, and it questions the ability of reason to arrive at all truth.

This heroic view of history was also strongly endorsed by some philosophical figures such as Hegel, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Spengler, but it fell out of favor after World War II.

One such example is the centuries-old debate about Hamlet's hesitation to kill his uncle, which some see as a mere plot device to prolong the action, but which others argue is a dramatization of the complex philosophical and ethical issues that surround cold-blooded murder, calculated revenge, and thwarted desire.

This period produced some of India's finest art, considered the epitome of classical development, and the development of the main spiritual and philosophical systems which continued to be in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.

There are some traditions within Jainism that have no prayer at all, and are focused on meditation through scripture reading and philosophical discussions.

However, some schools of contemporary philosophy such as the pragmatists and naturalistic epistemologists argue that philosophy should be linked to science and should be scientific in the broad sense of that term, " preferring to see philosophical reflection as continuous with the best practice of any field of intellectual enquiry ".

Recently, some philosophers have cast doubt about intuition as a basic tool in philosophical inquiry, from Socrates up to contemporary philosophy of language.

Finally, some of the originators of quantum theory ( notably Einstein and Schrödinger ) were unhappy with what they thought were the philosophical implications of quantum mechanics.

Metaphysical nihilism is the philosophical theory that there might be no objects at all, i. e. that there is a possible world in which there are no objects at all ; or at least that there might be no concrete objects at all, so even if every possible world contains some objects, there is at least one that contains only abstract objects.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, authors such as Godfrey Higgins and the esotericists Eliphas Levi, Helena Blavatsky, and George Gurdjieff articulated specific histories, cosmologies, and some of the basic philosophical principles that would influence the movement.

In the Taoist religious or philosophical tradition, the Tao is in some ways equivalent to a deity or the logos.