This policy seemingly backfired, enabling the Soviet Union to gain influence in the Middle East.

Efforts to control inflation in Latin America, specially those in which the nominal exchange rate was used as main policy tool, backfired producing an initial expansion in output followed by a recession.

Such contributions were usually made respectfully, and when invited, though this policy backfired on occasion.

One notable fact was that Hipgnosis did not have a set fee for designing an album cover but instead asked the artists to " pay what they thought it was worth ", a policy that only occasionally backfired according to Thorgerson in his book on album cover design.

Taking the OAS into a more active role in Latin America's economic development than had been the case before, Orfila facilitated the Inter-American Development Bank as a means to provide these governments an alternative to the high-interest credit markets in the world's financial capitals, a policy that backfired somewhat after many of these nations entered a debt repayments crisis in 1981.

When England were short of runs from their wicket keeper, the selectors gave the gloves to Stewart and moved him down the order to number 6-a policy that often backfired as Stewart was forced to start an innings against spin.

This to a large extent backfired and from 1662-4 six major waves of immigration occurred from these areas to Taiwan due to the severe hardships incurred from this relocation policy.

The policy of banishing mafiosi to other areas in Italy backfired, because they were able to establish contacts outside the island as well.

Only when a concert of nations rests on the positive foundations of shared goals and values is it likely to form a viable instrument of long-range policy.

The statutory policy of fostering free competition is obviously furthered when no supplier has an advantage over his competitors from an acquisition of his customer's stock likely to have the effects condemned by the statute.

The union does not regard unemployment of its own members as a matter of concern when setting its own wage policy -- its concern with employment makes itself felt in pressure upon the government to maintain full employment.

The efforts of various interest groups to control or influence governmental decisions, particularly when taken in conjunction with the impact of industralization, led to a concentration of attention on the legislative power and the means whereby policy could be formulated and enforced as law through bureaucratic institutions.

When the power of the latter was made both limited and explicit -- when norms were clarified and made more precise and the creation of new norms was placed exclusively in parliamentary hands -- two purposes were served: Government was made subservient to an institutionalized popular will, and law became a rational system for implementing that will, for serving conscious goals, for embodying the `` public policy ''.

The essential characteristic of an optimal policy when the state of the stream is transformed in a sequence of stages with no feedback was first isolated by Bellman.

In the third column is given the optimal policy for stage R, and in the fourth, the resulting state of the stream when this policy is used.

It may be that the objective function depends not only on Af but also on Af, as when the cost of the operating policy is considered.

The discussion of the optimal policy when the outcome of one stage is not known before passing to the next is a very much more difficult matter.

Moreover, the President is meeting the Soviet leader at a time when the Administration has still not decided on the scope of America's firm foreign policy commitments.

An independent Athens was a minor power in the Hellenistic age ; it rarely had much in the way of foreign policy ; it generally remained at peace, allied either with the Ptolemaic dynasty, or later, with Rome ; when it went to war, the result ( as in the Lamian, Chremonidean, and Mithridatic War ) was usually disastrous.

Also his friendly attitude towards the aborigines was sorely tested when they killed his gamekeeper, and he was not able to assert a clear policy about them.

* Bernie Ecclestone was involved in a political scandal when it transpired he had given the Labour Party a million pound donation-which raised eyebrows when the incoming Labour government changed its policy to allow Formula One to continue being sponsored by tobacco manufacturers.

Five years later when asked for his view of the rule change, the current president, Stephen Jones, replied, " I've never been more proud of my dad than the night he ... lifted that policy.

But most damaging, the new situation effectively trapped Russian foreign policy: After 1913, Russia could not afford losing its last ally in this crucial area and thus had no alternatives but to unconditionally support Serbia when the crisis between Serbia and Austria broke out in 1914.

At the same time it is difficult to have an open policy towards neighbouring countries when they are used as safe haven by rebels regularly attacking Central African Republic ( C. A. R.

By 1967, when a military junta had seized power in Greece, the political impetus for enosis had faded, partly as a result of the non-aligned foreign policy of Cypriot President Makarios.

The exact membership of the configuration depends upon the topic ; for example, when discussing agricultural policy the Council is formed by the twenty-seven national ministers whose portfolio includes this policy area ( with the related European Commissioner contributing but not voting ).

This policy is also why Canadian viewers do not see American advertisements during the Super Bowl, even when tuning into one of the many American networks carried on Canadian televisions.

Traditionally, the buy bet commission is paid no matter what, but in recent years a number of casinos have changed their policy to charge the commission only when the buy bet wins.

To make matters worse, Stalin began espousing his policy of socialism in one country – a policy often viewed, wrongly, as an attack on Trotsky, when it was really aimed at Zinoviev.

Clausewitz had many aphorisms, of which the most famous is that " War is the continuation of Politik by other means " ( Politik being variously translated as ' policy ' or ' politics ,' terms with very different implications ), a description that has won wide acceptance.

In December 1918, republicans ( then represented by the Sinn Féin party ) won 73 Irish seats out of 105 in the 1918 General Election to the British Parliament, on a policy of abstentionism and Irish independence.

Labor leader Arthur Calwell bitterly opposed Australia's part in the war and promised that Australian troops would be brought home if Labor won office, and opposition to overseas service by Australian conscripts had long been part of ALP policy.

On becoming Prime Minister Major had promised to keep Britain " at the very heart of Europe ", and claimed to have won " game, set and match for Britain " – by negotiating the social chapter and single currency opt-outs from the Maastricht Treaty, and by ensuring that there was no overt mention of a " Federal " Europe and that foreign and defence policy were kept as matters of inter-governmental cooperation, in separate " pillars " from the supranational European Union.

In 1976, Friedman won the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel " for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy.

In 1925, Stalin's policy won the support of the 14th Party Congress while Trotsky was defeated.

The policy review — reporting in 1989 — coincided with Labour's move ahead in the polls as the poll tax row was destroying Conservative support, and Labour won big victories in local by-elections.

Southern Rhodesia won the rights to elect its own thirty-member legislature, premier, and cabinet-although the British Crown retained a formal veto over measures affecting natives and dominated foreign policy.

In 1948 the National Party won the national elections, and immediately started implementing an even stricter race-based policy named Apartheid, effectively dividing the economy into a privileged white one, and an impoverished black one.

During the 2006 Riksdag elections the new Alliance for Sweden ( which subsequently won the election, to form a coalition government ) stated a policy aim to sell its stake in TeliaSonera.

The Seven Years ' War might well, moreover, have been another Thirty Years ' War if Pitt had not furnished Frederick with an annual subsidy of £ 700, 000, and in addition relieved him of the task of defending western Germany against France: this was the policy that allowed Pitt to boast of having ' won Canada on the banks of the Rhine '.

It has long been generally agreed that by several of his most costly expeditions nothing was really won but glory: the policy of diversionary attacks on places like Rochefort was memorably described as ' breaking windows with gold guineas '.

Sinn Féin continued its policy of refusing to sit in the Westminster Parliament even after Adams won the Belfast West constituency.

After the Labour party won the 1997 general election, the policy was outlined in a White paper entitled A Mayor and Assembly for London ( March 1998 ).

* Milton Friedman won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1976 for " his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy ".

This policy won support for the Communists among the rural peasants.

His much vaunted " short, sharp shock " policy, whereby convicted young offenders were detained in secure units and subjected to quasi-military discipline won approval from the public but proved expensive to implement and largely ineffectual in stemming burgeoning crime rates.

The Communist policy was that the war was not the time for the revolution, that until victory in the war was won the goal had to be the defeat of the Francisco Franco forces, not the abolition of capitalism, which was to be addressed once the war had been won.

The policy won the support of Republicans who controlled Congress and involved sending $ 400 million in American money, but no military forces, to the region.

Although devaluation was a contentious issue in the Labour Party and was not part of Labour ’ s election policy, the decisiveness with which the incoming government acted won it popular acclaim and enhanced Douglas ’ s standing in the new cabinet.

He has also won the Hyman Solomon Award for excellence in public policy journalism.

It was not until this second term, which increased Labour's majority and was won mostly on the back of its anti-nuclear stance, that considerable divisions over economic policy began to arise within the cabinet.

Palmerston's policy was triumphant, and the author of it had won a reputation as one of the most powerful statesmen of the age.