In rapidly changing fields such as science, technology, politics, culture and modern history, the Britannica has struggled to stay up-to-date, a problem first analysed systematically by its former editor Walter Yust.

In the simplest case, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function.

... pecifically, Morris's central thesis that the Arab refugee problem was " born of war, not by design " is belied by his own evidence which shows that Palestine's Arabs were expelled systematically and with premeditation.

« Towards the end of 1972 the Vienna group again turned their attention to the problem of systematically developing a compiler from a language definition.

Following this approach the “ Typical solution ” shown in the diagram can be found by defining the contradiction which needs to be resolved and systematically considering which of the 40 principles may be applied to provide a specific solution which will overcome the “ contradiction ” in the problem at hand, enabling a solution that is closer to the “ ultimate ideal result ”.

Scientific management was one of the first attempts to systematically treat management and process improvement as a scientific problem.

Gendlin has shown that it is possible to refer directly to this process in the context of a given problem or situation and systematically generate new concepts and more precise logical units.

Gödel's original proof of the theorem proceeded by reducing the problem to a special case for formulas in a certain syntactic form, and then handling this form with an ad hoc argument.

There are a variety of ways of handling the problem of detecting and collecting reference cycles.

The problem was further complicated by the lack of audible feedback when the cars hit the bump stops, leaving many drivers scratching their heads at the erratic handling of the early setups.

The extreme length of such weapons required a strong wood such as well-seasoned ash for the pole, which was tapered towards the point to prevent the pike from sagging on the ends, although this was always a problem in pike handling.

Since this was the heartland of the Cherokee Nation, the state and nation had avoided the handling of this delicate problem.

Peckham often was in conflict with his subordinate bishops, mainly because of his efforts to reform them, but Peckham's own attitude and handling of his clergy contributed to the problem.

However, five-digit years are already a problem today for some forward-looking analysis programs, such as software that examines proposals for the long-term handling of nuclear waste.

One common way of handling this problem is by breaking up the interval into a number of small subintervals.

Various architectures have arisen for handling this problem.

There are no similar loudspeaker power handling measurement methods in the US ; the problem is much harder as many loudspeaker systems have very different power handling capacities at different frequencies ( e. g., tweeters which handle high frequency signals are physically small and easily damaged, while woofers which handle low frequency signals are larger and more robust ) in addition to the previously cited great variation in the power levels inherent in musical signals presented to a loudspeaker.

Changes were also made to the suspension with the aim of providing a more supple ride, but drew criticism for producing nervous handling and an unsettling feeling of roll oversteer ( a problem not corrected until the EL facelift ).

Because of their high current handling capability, GDTs can also be used to protect power lines, but the follow-on current problem must be controlled.

Another problem with the 1981 model year was an unexplained balancing problem that affected the vehicle's overall handling.

Though I promptly took to the laboratory of psychology when that was established by Stanley Hall, it was Peirce who gave me my first training in the handling of a psychological problem, and at the same time stimulated my self-esteem by entrusting me, then fairly innocent of any laboratory habits, with a real bit of research.

EURECA was deployed a day later than scheduled because of a problem with its data handling system.

Although quite adept at handling small to mid-size databases, a common problem for Helix is that for much of its lifetime, it has run only in the co-operative multitasking environment of the Classic Mac OS, making it rather unstable for large databases.

Fact checking began in the early 20th century: " Any bright girl who really applies herself to the handling of the checking problem can have a very pleasant time with it and fill the week with happy moments and memorable occasions "-Ed Kennedy, Time ( 1920s ).

He often finds himself to be the only one capable of handling the mission, sometimes solving the problem with psychological methods.

Even after that a contemporary nevertheless opined that the ride involved a certain amount of ' float ', and reported that the nose-heavy handling called for a ' strong driver ', a problem which the more expensive Zodiac and Executive versions mitigated through the fitting as a standard feature of power assisted steering.

One problem with the handling logic behind the ON statement was that it would only be invoked for program faults, not for program terminations having other causes.

Although a simplistic fix for Windows WPAD handling was applied in 2005, it only fixed the problem for the. com domain.

SIADH is therefore primarily a condition that results in the abnormal handling of water loading and not a problem with excessive solute loss.

A problem for Aristotelian realism is what account to give of higher infinities, which may not be realizable in the physical world.

The problem of infinities first arose in the classical electrodynamics of point particles in the 19th and early 20th century.

Short-distance divergences in condensed matter physics do not present a philosophical problem, since the field theory is only an effective, smoothed-out representation of the behavior of matter anyway ; there are no infinities since the cutoff is actually always finite, and it makes perfect sense that the bare quantities are cutoff-dependent.

The renormalization group emerges from the renormalization of the quantum field variables, which normally has to address the problem of infinities in a quantum field theory ( although the RG exists independently of the infinities ).

In other words, there is an algorithm for a quantum computer ( a quantum algorithm ) that solves the decision problem with high probability and is guaranteed to run in polynomial time.

The problem of thinking in terms of classical measurements of a quantum system becomes particularly acute in the field of quantum cosmology, where the quantum system is the universe.

Its necessity arises from the well-known fact that apart from relatively recent results concerning the hydrogen molecular ion ( see references therein for more details ), the quantum n-body problem cannot be solved analytically, much less in closed form.

The hydrogen atom has special significance in quantum mechanics and quantum field theory as a simple two-body problem physical system which has yielded many simple analytical solutions in closed-form.

The problem with this approach is that it contradicts the principles of quantum mechanics.

Let n denote a complete set of ( discrete ) quantum numbers for specifying single-particle states ( for example, for the particle in a box problem we can take n to be the quantized wave vector of the wavefunction.

Many areas of mathematics and computer science have been brought to bear on the problem, including elliptic curves, algebraic number theory, and quantum computing.

Meanwhile, in the Soviet Union, Nikolay Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov were independently working on the quantum oscillator and solved the problem of continuous-output systems by using more than two energy levels.

Over the intervening 70 years, the problem of measurement became an active research area and itself spawned some new formulations of quantum mechanics.

This was followed by the 1859 statement of the black body radiation problem by Gustav Kirchhoff, the 1877 suggestion by Ludwig Boltzmann that the energy states of a physical system can be discrete, and the 1900 quantum hypothesis of Max Planck.

* Theoretical quantum chemistry, the workings of which also tend to fall under the category of computational chemistry, seeks to calculate the predictions of quantum theory ; as this task, when applied to polyatomic species, invokes the many-body problem, these calculations are performed using computers rather than by analytical " pen and paper " methods.

The history of quantum chemistry essentially began with the 1838 discovery of cathode rays by Michael Faraday, the 1859 statement of the black body radiation problem by Gustav Kirchhoff, the 1877 suggestion by Ludwig Boltzmann that the energy states of a physical system could be discrete, and the 1900 quantum hypothesis by Max Planck that any energy radiating atomic system can theoretically be divided into a number of discrete energy elements ε such that each of these energy elements is proportional to the frequency ν with which they each individually radiate energy and a numerical value called Planck ’ s Constant.

The first step in solving a quantum chemical problem is usually solving the Schrödinger equation ( or Dirac equation in relativistic quantum chemistry ) with the electronic molecular Hamiltonian.

A quantum computer operates by setting the qubits in a controlled initial state that represents the problem at hand and by manipulating those qubits with a fixed sequence of quantum logic gates.

By comparison, a quantum computer could efficiently solve this problem using Shor's algorithm to find its factors.

This ability would allow a quantum computer to decrypt many of the cryptographic systems in use today, in the sense that there would be a polynomial time ( in the number of digits of the integer ) algorithm for solving the problem.

Lattice-based cryptosystems are also not known to be broken by quantum computers, and finding a polynomial time algorithm for solving the dihedral hidden subgroup problem, which would break many lattice based cryptosystems, is a well-studied open problem.