In FM screening, dot size remains constant and dots are placed in random order to create darker or lighter areas of the image ; dot placement is precisely controlled by sophisticated mathematical algorithms.

Thus, after one of its gyroscopes failed, NASA decided that a controlled crash was preferable to letting the craft come down on its own at random.

Gene expression is imperfectly controlled, and it is possible that random fluctuations in the expression levels of many genes contribute to the aging process as suggested by a study of such genes in yeast.

Synthetic textures using Perlin noise are often used in CGI to make computer-generated visual elements-such as fire, smoke, or clouds-appear more natural, by imitating the controlled random appearance of textures of nature.

The compositional process is only partially controlled by the composer by weighting the possibilities of random events.

* Sigma Star Saga: The player controlled random types of bioships from an alien race that flew on their own, but could not fire unless piloted ; The ships would beam pilots aboard using parasites attached to the pilots bodies once detecting a nearby threat.

The reason for this finding, according to these reviewers, was a lack of suitable evidence — such as random controlled trials of its effects on health outcomes — in the literature on craniosacral therapy.

If the first group had higher cancer rates, the researcher knows that there is no third factor that affected whether a person was exposed because he controlled who was exposed or not, and he assigned people to the exposed and non-exposed groups at random.

A number of attacks on hardware random number generators are possible, including trying to capture radio-frequency emissions from the computer ( obtaining hard drive interrupt times from motor noise, for example ), or trying to feed controlled signals into a supposedly random source ( such as turning off the lights in a lava lamp or feeding a strong, known signal into a sound card ).

The method combines Breiman's " bagging " idea and the random selection of features, introduced independently by Ho and Amit and Geman in order to construct a collection of decision trees with controlled variation.

And, when viewed only from the perspective of Internal Validity, highly controlled true experimental designs ( i. e. with random selection, random assignment to either the control or experimental groups, reliable instruments, reliable manipulation processes, and safeguards against confounding factors ) may be the " gold standard " of scientific research.

The rough operating hydraulic auto was replaced by an electronically controlled automatic transmission, which stopped the hunting between gears and random downshifts.

Provinces under control from a random tribe with no possible relations to others are paper-coloured, and provinces controlled by the Spanish ( once the Spanish arrive to invade ) are grey.

Some lottery devices that appear to be VLTs actually are computerized scratch-off lottery tickets, as the terminal does not contain a random number generator ( RNG ); the results that are displayed are controlled by the central computer.

The likely size of the sampling error can generally be controlled by taking a large enough random sample from the population, although the cost of doing this may be prohibitive ; see sample size and statistical power for more detail.

A computer controlled cassette drive using audio cassettes with clear leaders was used for storage, with random access to file by number, but a hard drive could also be attached.

We want to study the probability function of this random variable.

A random sampling technique is then used on any relevant clusters to choose which clusters to include in the study.

The introduction of probabilistic methods in graph theory, especially in the study of Erdős and Rényi of the asymptotic probability of graph connectivity, gave rise to yet another branch, known as random graph theory, which has been a fruitful source of graph-theoretic results.

An initial study of the M. genitalium genome with random sequencing was performed by Peterson in 1993.

# The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature.

A Chinese study of couples practicing random intercourse to achieve pregnancy used very sensitive pregnancy tests to detect pregnancy.

However, using data from an internet survey based experiment performed in 2006 on a random sample of 574 adult university students, a study was conducted that examined public approval for the use of racial profiling to prevent crime and terrorism.

In 1999, a study by the Kinsey Institute, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, examined the definition of sex based on a 1991 random sample of 599 college students from 29 U. S. states ; it reported that 60 %

Being a function of random variables, the sample variance is itself a random variable, and it is natural to study its distribution.

Therefore, cryptographers study models which explicitly allow for the use of a random function or a related object.

The heat equation and similar diffusion equations are useful tools to study random phenomena.

An observational study is used when it is impractical, unethical, cost-prohibitive ( or otherwise inefficient ) to fit a physical or social system into a laboratory setting, to completely control confounding factors, or to apply random assignment.

In a 2010 Dutch study, test subjects were primed to feel anger or fear by being shown an image of an angry or fearful face, and then were shown an image of a random object.

One simple case to study is when the R matrix has an equal probability to go one unit to the left or to the right, describing a particle which has a constant rate of random walking.

In a 1999 study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the definition of sex was examined based on a 1991 random sample of 599 college students from 29 US states ; it found that 60 % said oral-genital contact ( like fellatio, cunnilingus ) did not constitute having sex.

In his study of stochastic processes ( random processes ), especially Markov processes, Kolmogorov and the British mathematician Sydney Chapman independently developed the pivotal set of equations in the field, which have been give the name of the Chapman – Kolmogorov equations.

The Heechee expected humans to discover the ships, but the cautious race believed Earth people would study and unlock the ships ' secrets over a period of hundreds of years — and not simply take the equipment out for random rides in the dangerous galaxy.

Subsequently it was used to study problems like worldwide changes in tide, earthquakes, atomic spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, random walk methods, numerical analysis and more.

It is important to note, however, that the British study referenced above is the only one of its kind and consisted of " a random ... probability sample of 2, 869 young people between the ages of 18 and 24 in a computer-assisted study " and that the questions referred to " sexual abuse with a professional ," not necessarily a teacher.

This is supposedly because in a study where respondents were asked to choose a random number from 1 to 20, 17 was the most common choice.

Using the strict ICSD diagnostic criteria, a random study in 1993 of 7700 adults ( aged 18 – 67 ) in Norway estimated the prevalence of DSPD at 0. 17 %.

The number of successes on each shot is a value of a random variable that has values 0 or 1, and there are 5 such random variables here.

Defining fixed and random effects has proven elusive, with competing

The primary disadvantage of analog signaling is that any system has noise – i. e., random unwanted variation.

The random assignment of responsibility to individuals who may or may not be competent has obvious risks, but the system included features meant to obviate possible problems.

The yellow particles leave 5 blue trails of random motion and one of them has a red velocity vector.

These are often accepted as random selections because the number of words has not been calculated beforehand, so the result is unknown right up until someone is selected.

The choice does affect their starting position on the " Play on Earth " map, and thus different resources in one's initial cities, but has no effect on starting position when starting a random world game or a customized world game.

When U and V are two independent normally distributed random variables with expected value 0 and variance 1, then the ratio U / V has the standard Cauchy distribution.

If are independent and identically distributed random variables, each with a standard Cauchy distribution, then the sample mean has the same standard Cauchy distribution ( the sample median, which is not affected by extreme values, can be used as a measure of central tendency ).

Unlike The Settlers of Catan and Cities & Knights of Catan, in which the only random element of setup is the placement of land tiles, number tokens, and harbors in an identically-shaped playing area, Seafarers of Catan has a number of different scenarios or maps from which to choose.

Each measurement has a random error.

Whichever axis she uses, she has a 50 % probability of obtaining "+" and 50 % probability of obtaining "−", completely at random ; according to quantum mechanics, it is fundamentally impossible for her to influence what result she gets.

In these " true " states, the electron going to Bob always has spin values opposite to the electron going to Alice, but the values are otherwise completely random.

This is a kind of " spontaneous symmetry breaking ", in which an initially symmetric state ( all nodes being the same, with random initial keys for each other ) leads to a highly asymmetric situation, with nodes coming to specialize in data that has closely related keys.

More precisely, he showed that a random graph on vertices, formed by choosing independently whether to include each edge with probability has, with probability tending to 1 as goes to infinity, at most cycles of length or less, but has no independent set of size Therefore, removing one vertex from each short cycle leaves a smaller graph with girth greater than in which each color class of a coloring must be small and which therefore requires at least colors in any coloring.

This hybridization has a random element, and the chromosomes tend to be a little different in every gamete that an individual produces.

) This result was extended in 1987 to show that the probability that k random integers has greatest common divisor d is d < sup >- k </ sup >/ ζ ( k ).

If a game has a board, the board is usually irregular rather than uniform or symmetric ( like Risk rather than chess or Scrabble ); the board is often random ( like Settlers of Catan ) or has random elements ( like Tikal ).

In fact, Bayesian inference can be used to show that when the long-run proportion of different outcomes are unknown but exchangeable ( meaning that the random process from which they are generated may be biased but is equally likely to be biased in any direction ) previous observations demonstrate the likely direction of the bias, such that the outcome which has occurred the most in the observed data is the most likely to occur again.