Actually it was no more than eight or ten minutes, and the sum of his reasoning came to this:

Official reasoning: the bill was a `` wanton invasion of basic property rights ''.

With the reasoning that a divorce from Octavia and a marriage to Poppaea was not politically feasible with Agrippina alive, Nero decided to kill Agrippina.

The main reasoning behind this decision was that the state would effectively be taking the lives of innocent hostages in order to avoid a terrorist attack.

Kiernan's reasoning has in part to do with the much-discussed political context of the poem: it has been held by most scholars, until recently, that the poem was composed in the 8th century on the assumption that a poem eliciting sympathy for the Danes could not have been composed by Anglo-Saxons during the Viking Ages of the 9th and 10th centuries, and that the poem celebrates the namesakes of 8th Century Mercian Kings.

Western casuistry dates from Aristotle ( 384 – 322 BC ), yet the zenith of casuistry was from 1550 to 1650, when the Society of Jesus used case-based reasoning, particularly in administering the Sacrament of Penance ( or " confession ").

It was famously attacked by the Catholic and Jansenist philosopher Pascal, during the formulary controversy against the Jesuits, in his Provincial Letters as the use of rhetorics to justify moral laxity, which became identified by the public with Jesuitism ; hence the everyday use of the term to mean complex and sophistic reasoning to justify moral laxity.

Augustus ' excuse was that the interval for the games was 110 years, not 100, but his date actually did not qualify under either reasoning.

Just as Claudius had criticized his predecessors in official edicts ( see below ), Nero often criticized the deceased Emperor and many of Claudius ' laws and edicts were disregarded under the reasoning that he was too stupid and senile to have meant them.

Aristotle's famous argument was contrary to the atomist's depiction of a non-eternal cosmos which, he argued, would require an efficient first cause, a notion that Aristotle took to demonstrate a critical flaw in their reasoning.

David Ricardo, who was an admirer of Adam Smith, covered many of the same topics but while Smith drew conclusions from broadly empirical observations, Ricardo used induction, drawing conclusions by reasoning from basic assumptions.

Its reasoning was that only silicon-based beings occur naturally and have the ability to reproduce and disperse.

Its copying in subsequent generations indicates that it was used as a model of legal and judicial reasoning.

Stove alleged that by using weak or false ad hoc reasoning, these Ultra-Darwinists used evolutionary concepts to offer explanations that were not valid ( e. g., Stove suggested that sociobilogical explanation of altruism as an evolutionary feature was presented in such as way that the argument was effectively immune to any criticism.

Patrick was charged for kidnapping, but he was acquitted with the reasoning: :" here parents are, as here, of the reasonable and intelligent belief that they were not physically capable of recapturing their daughter from existing, imminent danger, then the defense of necessity transfers or transposes to the constituted agent, the person who acts upon their belief under such conditions.

The reasoning was that if a subject may overthrow his superior for some bad law, who was to be the judge of whether the law was bad?

* Pseudaria, or Book of Fallacies, was an elementary text about errors in reasoning.

It was the first tool showing the AI ​​ defined by Edward Feigenbaum in his book about the Japanese Fifth Generation, Artificial Intelligence and Japan's Computer Challenge to the World ( 1983 ): " The machines will have reasoning power: they will automatically engineer vast amounts of knowledge to serve whatever purpose humans propose, from medical diagnosis to product design, from management decisions to education ", " The reasoning animal has, perhaps inevitably, fashioned the reasoning machine ", " the reasoning power of these machines matches or exceeds the reasoning power of the humans who instructed them and, in some cases, the reasoning power of any human performing such tasks ".

One modern approach which attempts to overcome the seemingly impossible divide between deontology and utilitarianism is case-based reasoning, also known as casuistry.

When using the works of his authorities Alexander does not only review their reasoning but also gives conclusions, expands on them, and offers his agreements and disagreement with them.

The term is also commonly used as a pejorative to criticize the use of clever but unsound reasoning ( alleging implicitly the inconsistent — or outright specious — misapplication of rule to instance ), especially in relation to moral questions ( see sophistry ).

Similar effects on reasoning are also seen in non-scientific controversies, for example in the gun control debate in the United States.

For example, Duncan Kennedy, in explicit reference to semiotics and deconstruction procedures, maintains that various legal doctrines are constructed around the binary pairs of opposed concepts, each of which with a claim upon intuitive and formal forms of reasoning that must be made explicit, not only in their meaning but also its relative value, and criticized.

Research is also very active in France, where researchers focus on the automation of reasoning and logic engines.

Economists also fail to use economic reasoning for model selection, especially for deciding which variables to include in a regression.

Crick's access to Franklin's progress report of late 1952 is what made Crick confident that DNA was a double helix with antiparallel chains, but there were other chains of reasoning and sources of information that also led to these conclusions.

Kepler also incorporated religious arguments and reasoning into his work, motivated by the religious conviction and belief that God had created the world according to an intelligible plan that is accessible through the natural light of reason.

Knowledge representation and reasoning is also referred to as KRR.

Psychological mechanisms have also been implicated, such as cognitive ( e. g. reasoning ) biases, emotional influences, personality dynamics, temperament and coping style.

A mind () is the complex of cognitive faculties that enables consciousness, thinking, reasoning, perception, and judgement — a characteristic of human beings, but which also may apply to other life forms .< ref name =" dict ">

Thus it is distinguished from revealed theology ( or revealed religion ) which is based on scripture and religious experiences of various kinds ; and also from transcendental theology, theology from a priori reasoning.

Students are also required to demonstrate proficiency in writing and in a foreign language and take courses in the fine arts and in the sciences, mathematics, or other courses that address formal methods of reasoning.

Nevertheless, the quality of this reasoning depends on knowledge, as a well informed mind will be more capable of making good choices, and also on mental condition.

Their influential reasoning spread to other denominations also, and it is primarily through their influence that " Sabbath " has become the colloquial equivalent of " Lord's Day " or " Sunday ".

They may also attempt to resist categorization by genre and fixed form, finding such approaches limiting and counter-intuitive to artistic form and reasoning.

Islamic jurisprudence will also sometimes incorporate analogies from the Quran and Sunnah through qiyas, though Shia jurists prefer reasoning (' aql ) to analogy.

The methodology of legal precedent and reasoning by analogy ( Qiyas ) are also similar in both the Islamic and common law systems.

They can get around Sextus ' problem of the criterion because there is no infinite regress or circle of reasoning, because the buck stops with ( see also idiom ) the principles of common sense.

* Some Latin Christian authors, such as Tertullian and Augustine, followed Varro's threefold usage, though Augustine also used the term more simply to mean ' reasoning or discussion concerning the deity '

* From the 17th century onwards, it also became possible to use the term ' theology ' to refer to study of religious ideas and teachings that are not specifically Christian ( e. g., in the phrase ' Natural Theology ' which denoted theology based on reasoning from natural facts independent of specifically Christian revelation ), or that are specific to another religion ( see below ).

Modern scientific studies have shown that walking, besides its physical benefits, is also beneficial for the mind — improving memory skills, learning ability, concentration and abstract reasoning, as well as reducing stress and uplifting one's spirits.

Some philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, for example, also used the word ratiocination as a synonym for " reasoning ".