Writers of this class of science fiction have clearly in mind the assumptions that man can master the principles of this cause-and-effect universe and that such mastery will necessarily better the human lot.

On the other hand, the bright vision of the future has been directly stated in science fiction concerned with projecting ideal societies -- science fiction, of course, is related, if sometimes distantly, to that utopian literature optimistic about science, literature whose period of greatest vigor in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries produced Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward and H. G. Wells's A Modern Utopia.

In Arthur Clarke's Childhood's End ( 1953 ), though written after the present flood of dystopias began, we can see the bright vision of science fiction clearly defined.

Considering then the optimism which has permeated science fiction for so long, what is really remarkable is that during the last twelve years many science-fiction writers have turned about and attacked their own cherished vision of the future, have attacked the Childhood's End kind of faith that science and technology will inevitably better the human condition.

Because of the means of publication -- science-fiction magazines and cheap paperbacks -- and because dystopian science fiction is still appearing in quantity the full range and extent of this phenomenon can hardly be known, though one fact is evident: the science-fiction imagination has been immensely fertile in its extrapolations.

There is, of course, nothing new about dystopias, for they belong to a literary tradition which, including also the closely related satiric utopias, stretches from at least as far back as the eighteenth century and Swift's Gulliver's Travels to the twentieth century and Zamiatin's We, Capek's War With The Newts, Huxley's Brave New World, E. M. Forster's `` The Machine Stops '', C. S. Lewis's That Hideous Strength, and Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, and which in science fiction is represented before the present deluge as early as Wells's trilogy, The Time Machine, `` A Story Of The Days To Come '', and When The Sleeper Wakes, and as recently as Jack Williamson's `` With Folded Hands '' ( 1947 ), the classic story of men replaced by their own robots.

Not all recent science fiction, however, is dystopian, for the optimistic strain is still very much alive in Mission Of Gravity and Childhood's End, as we have seen, as well as in many other recent popular novels and stories like Fred Hoyle's The Black Cloud ( 1957 ) ; ;

and among works of dystopian science fiction, not all provide intelligent criticism and very few have much merit as literature -- but then real quality has always been scarce in science fiction.

`` The human ego being what it is '', I put in, `` science fiction has always assumed that the creatures on the planets of a thousand larger solar systems than ours must look like gigantic tube-nosed fruit bats.

It is not through space nor time that the time machine most approved by science fiction must travel for a visit to the permanent prehistoric past, or the ever-existent past-fantasy future.

Significantly, Huxley also worked for a time in the 1920s at the technologically advanced Brunner and Mond chemical plant in Billingham, Teesside, and the most recent introduction to his famous science fiction novel Brave New World ( 1932 ) states that this experience of " an ordered universe in a world of planless incoherence " was one source for the novel.

Until recently, androids have largely remained within the domain of science fiction, frequently seen in film and television.

The term " droid ", coined by George Lucas for the original Star Wars film and now used widely within science fiction, originated as an abridgment of " android ", but has been used by Lucas and others to mean any robot, including distinctly non-human form machines like R2-D2.

" The term made an impact into English pulp science fiction starting from Jack Williamson's The Cometeers ( 1936 ) and the distinction between mechanical robots and fleshy androids was popularized by Edmond Hamilton's Captain Future ( 1940 – 1944 ).

For example, Heinlein was the " dean of science fiction writers " because he was " the scientist " of science fiction.

It was the cover story of the issue of Astounding that is sometimes described as having ushered in the " Golden Age " of science fiction.

The story served as the inspiration for a number of science fiction movies.

* Absalom is the name of a short science fiction story by Henry Kuttner about the conflict between a father and son over the son's education.

In his story " Gulf ", science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein used a constructed language, in which every Basic English word is replaced with a single phoneme, as an appropriate means of communication for a race of genius supermen.

Many games, including card games, are fabricated by science fiction authors and screenwriters to distance a culture depicted in the story from present-day Western culture.

In novels such as The City and the Stars and the story " The Sentinel " ( upon which 2001: A Space Odyssey was based ) Clarke presents ultra-advanced technologies developed by hyperintelligences limited only by fundamental science.

Gibson defined cyberpunk's antipathy towards utopian SF in his 1981 short story " The Gernsback Continuum ," which pokes fun at and, to a certain extent, condemns utopian science fiction.

Canadian-born science fiction writer A. E. van Vogt reimagined Robert Graves ' Claudius story in his two novels Empire of the Atom and The Wizard of Linn.

The 1972 science fiction novel Cyborg, by Martin Caidin, told the story of a man whose damaged body parts are replaced by mechanical devices (" bionics ").

It garnered major science fiction awards and has received universal praise for its characters, story, strong voice acting, animation and soundtrack.

The term " cyberspace " was first used by the cyberpunk science fiction author William Gibson, though the concept was described somewhat earlier, for example in the Vernor Vinge short story " True Names ," and even earlier in John M. Ford's novel, Web of Angels.

The word " cyberspace " ( from cybernetics and space ) was coined by science fiction novelist and seminal cyberpunk author William Gibson in his 1982 story " Burning Chrome " and popularized by his 1984 novel Neuromancer.

Doom, a science fiction / horror themed video game, has a background which is given in the game's instruction manual ; the rest of the story is advanced with short messages displayed between each section of the game ( called episodes ), the action as the player character progresses through the levels, and some visual cues.

Its story of a subterranean race waiting to reclaim the surface of the Earth is an early science fiction theme.

Approaching a given genre, certain assumed background information covers the nature and purpose of possible predictable elements of the story, such as the appearance of dragons and wizards in high fantasy, warp drives in science fiction, or shootouts at high noon in Westerns.

One of the first writers of science fiction was Mary Shelley, whose novel Frankenstein ( 1818 ) dealt with the asexual creation of new life, a re-telling of the Adam and Eve story.

His idea of a perfect science fiction story was " 75 percent literature interwoven with 25 percent science ".

Even though Ralph 124C 41 + is one of the most influential science fiction stories of all time, and filled with numerous science fiction ideas, few people still read the story.

There is a degree of flexibility in how far from " real science " a story can stray before it leaves the realm of hard SF.

After it was rejected by Esquire magazine in 1955, Hefner agreed to publish in Playboy the Charles Beaumont science fiction short story, " The Crooked Man ", about straight men being persecuted in a world where homosexuality was the norm.

Before the revelation of Sheldon's identity, Tiptree was often referred to as an unusually macho male ( see, e. g., Robert Silverberg's commentaries ) as well as an unusually feminist science fiction writer ( for a male ) — particularly for " The Women Men Don't See ", a story of two women who go looking for aliens to escape from male-dominated society on Earth.

" In January 2006, MacLean reflected on the science behind the story:

During the 1920s writers such as Clare Winger Harris and Gertrude Barrows Bennett published science fiction stories written from female perspectives and occasionally dealt with gender and sexuality based topics.

Ibn al-Nafis dealt with Islamic eschatology in some depth in his Theologus Autodidactus, where he rationalized the Islamic view of eschatology using reason, science, and philosophy to explain the events that would occur according to Islamic eschatology.

Aristotle spoke about a ' first philosophy ' which was the most general science and a ' second philosophy ' which dealt with nature ( or ' physis ').

Other science fiction works of the period, including Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward and the later Metropolis, dealt with similar themes.

The first three volumes of the Course dealt chiefly with the physical sciences already in existence ( mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology ), whereas the latter two emphasised the inevitable coming of social science: " sociologie ".

Likewise, EC's science fiction and fantasy titles dealt with adult issues like racism and the meaning of progress.

The first three volumes of the Course dealt chiefly with the physical sciences already in existence ( mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology ), whereas the latter two emphasised the inevitable coming of social science.

In the ' 90s, various approaches in cognitive science that dealt with metaphor, analogy and structure mapping have been converging, and a new integrative approach to the study of creativity in science, art and humor has emerged under the label conceptual blending.

According to Stenmark, the strongest form of scientism states that science has no boundaries and that all human problems and all aspects of human endeavor, with due time, will be dealt with and solved by science alone.

Ibn al-Nafis dealt with Islamic eschatology in some depth in his Theologus Autodidactus, where he rationalized the Islamic view of eschatology using reason and science to explain the events that would occur according to Islamic eschatology.

Even smaller numbers are often found in science, which are so small that they are not easily dealt with using fractions.

TechTV's vision was to air a wave of anime series that dealt with technology, futuristic themes, and science fiction.

The efficient search of such stored information includes topics that are dealt with in computer science as data mining, information retrieval, information extraction and machine learning.

As political science normally is considered more descriptive as economics one might get the idea that Myrdal should not have dealt systematically with the values applied to economics.

Social criticism was tackled throughout the 1970s (" Black and Blue " on Messin ' dealt particularly with slavery, and " Chicago Institute " on Watch with mental institutions and science as a mean of social control ) a trend which grew throughout the 1980s, with songs such as Lies ( through the 80s ) on technological progress vs. social setbacks on Chance, and with Mann's growing involvement with the anti-apartheid movement which spawned the 1982 album Somewhere in Afrika.

Despite all shortcomings, it is here that, for the first time, ' teleology ' in natural science is not only dealt a mortal blow but its rational meaning is empirically explained.

Despite all shortcomings, it is here that, for the first time, ‘ teleology ’ in natural science is not only dealt a mortal blow but its rational meaning is empirically explained.

The reimagined Battlestar Galactica was very much a political drama due to the way the show dealt with political issues and government very closely resembling that of other political dramas such as The West Wing or Yes Minister but, due to the genre it's based in the show also dealt with political and social issues that can arise from the show's science fiction background as well as common issues arising in normal political dramas that are based on our world in our modern day or the history of our world.

The conferees were critical of the polemical approach of Gross and Levitt, yet agreed upon the intellectual inconsistency of how laymen, non-scientist, social studies intellectuals dealt with science.

Kazimierz Żorawski dealt with a particularly difficult field of mathematics – continuous invariants of Lie groups, and the results of his work have been applied to other fields of mathematics and science, especially differential equations, geometry and physics.