Here, so-called forced evaporative cooling is used to selectively remove high-energetic (" hot ") atoms from an atom cloud until the remaining cloud is cooled below the BEC transition temperature.

This transition occurs without change in volume, but the enthalpy increases by 3. 66 kJ / mol.

The transition from the European Copper Age to Bronze Age Europe occurs about the same time, between the late 5th and the late 3rd millennia BC.

The transition of the rta to the modern idea of dharma occurs in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad.

The phase transition of water from liquid to vapor occurs at 100 ° C ( 212 ° F ).

As the temperature of a magnet increases, the anisotropy tends to decrease, and there is often a blocking temperature at which a transition to superparamagnetism occurs.

Iodine in the gas phase is violet in color, this is due to certain wavelengths of visible light absorbed when an electronic transition from the highest occupied π * MO to the lowest unoccupied σ * MO in the molecule occurs.

The most common phase transition to ice I < sub > h </ sub > occurs when liquid water is cooled below (, ) at standard atmospheric pressure.

Whereas most small molecule solutions exhibit only an upper critical solution temperature phase transition, at which phase separation occurs with cooling, polymer mixtures commonly exhibit a lower critical solution temperature phase transition, at which phase separation occurs with heating.

When the transition to nacre secretion occurs, the brown pebble becomes covered with a nacreous coating.

The Meissner effect is distinct from this — it is the spontaneous expulsion which occurs during transition to superconductivity.

Superparamagnetism is different from this standard transition since it occurs below the Curie temperature of the material.

A transition between superparamagnetism and blocked state occurs when.

* January 24 – The Massacre of Atocha occurs during the Spanish transition to democracy.

Also, NRZI might take the opposite convention, as in Universal Serial Bus ( USB ) signalling, when in Mode 1, in which a transition occurs when signaling zero, and a steady level when signaling a one.

The transition occurs on the leading edge of the clock for the given bit.

The surface temperature is at least () because Triton's nitrogen ice is in the warmer, hexagonal crystalline state, and the phase transition between hexagonal and cubic nitrogen ice occurs at that temperature.

As the throttle is opened up slightly from the fully closed position, the throttle plate uncovers additional fuel delivery holes behind the throttle plate where there is a low pressure area created by the throttle plate blocking air flow ; these allow more fuel to flow as well as compensating for the reduced vacuum that occurs when the throttle is opened, thus smoothing the transition to metering fuel flow through the regular open throttle circuit.

This means that, for a transition from state A to state B, timing mismatches can only affect when the A -> B transition occurs, rather than inserting one or more ( up to N-1 for an N-bit codeword ) false intermediate states, as would occur if a standard binary code were used.

The mushroom shape that occurs in the transition is a result of the bottom section, which is in contact with the wine, being composed of two stacked discs of pristine cork, cemented to the upper portion which is a conglomerate of ground cork and glue.

The measurement of the external conditions at which the transformation occurs is termed the phase transition point.

Element 105 is projected to be the third member of the 6d series of transition metals and the heaviest member of group V in the Periodic Table, below vanadium, niobium and tantalum.

Although the atomic structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure in a supercooled liquid, glass tends to behave as a solid below its glass transition temperature.

In protocolary terms, states are distinguished as monarchy or republic depending on the style ( and usually mode of accession, see below ) of their head of state, a typical constitutional provision, but as such this is not defining for the actual political system, which often evolves significantly, or can remain unaltered in other respects despite a transition from monarchy to republic ( or, rarer, vice versa ).

Glasses are amorphous solids ( e. g. amorphous materials that are at temperatures below the glass transition temperature ) which are usually fabricated when the viscous molten material cools very rapidly to below its glass transition temperature, without sufficient time for a regular crystal lattice to form.

The transition states requires that the partial double bond be broken, so that the activation energy is roughly 80 kilojoule / mol ( 20 kcal / mol ) ( See Figure below ).

Additionally, Privatization from below is / has been an important type of economic growth in transition economies.

The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster was caused by rubber O-rings that were being used well below their glass transition temperature on an unusually cold Florida morning, and thus could not flex adequately to form proper seals between sections of the two solid-fuel rocket boosters.

In a class of superconductors known as type II superconductors, including all known high-temperature superconductors, an extremely small amount of resistivity appears at temperatures not too far below the nominal superconducting transition when an electric current is applied in conjunction with a strong magnetic field, which may be caused by the electric current.

However, as the temperature decreases far enough below the nominal superconducting transition, these vortices can become frozen into a disordered but stationary phase known as a " vortex glass ".

When a superconductor is placed in a weak external magnetic field H, and cooled below its transition temperature, the magnetic field is ejected.

They can also be doped between the C < sub > 60 </ sub > molecules in the fullerene solid, rendering it superconductive at temperatures below 8 K. Samarium doping of iron-based superconductors – the most recent class of high-temperature superconductors – allows to enhance their transition temperature to 56 K, which is the highest value achieved so far in this series.

Seaborgium is projected to be the third member of the 6d series of transition metals and the heaviest member of group 6 in the Periodic Table, below chromium, molybdenum and tungsten.

Most industrialized countries and some central European economies in transition ( all defined as Annex B countries ) agreed to legally binding reductions in greenhouse gas emissions of an average of 6 to 8 % below 1990 levels between the years 2008 – 2012, defined as the first emissions budget period.

When cooled below the glass transition temperature, the quasi-fluid chain segments " freeze " into fixed geometries and the rubber abruptly loses its elastic properties, although the process is reversible.

Typically, materials demonstrate ferroelectricity only below a certain phase transition temperature, called the Curie temperature, T < sub > c </ sub >, and are paraelectric above this temperature.

The samples, in the presence of an applied magnetic field, were cooled below their superconducting transition temperature.

These include the ferromagnetic phase transition in materials such as iron, where the magnetization, which is the first derivative of the free energy with respect to the applied magnetic field strength, increases continuously from zero as the temperature is lowered below the Curie temperature.

The liquid-glass transition is observed in many polymers and other liquids that can be supercooled far below the melting point of the crystalline phase.

It sits just above the photosphere and just below the solar transition region.

Two data centers have been established for the collection, indexing, critical evaluation, and dissemination of bibliographies and critical values in the fields of transition probabilities and collision cross sections.

BCS theory relates the value of the critical field at zero temperature to the value of the transition temperature and the density of states at the Fermi energy.

Shortly after, in 1869, Irish chemist Thomas Andrews studied the phase transition from a liquid to a gas and coined the term critical point to describe the instant at which a gas and a liquid were indistinguishable as phases, and Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals supplied the theoretical framework which allowed the prediction of critical behavior based on measurements at much higher temperatures.

The study of phase transition and the critical behavior of observables, known as critical phenomena, was a major field of interest in the 1960s.

Systems undergoing phase transition display critical behavior, wherein several of their properties such as correlation length, specific heat and susceptibility diverge.

In 1986, it was discovered that some cuprate-perovskite ceramic materials have a critical temperature above .< ref name = Bednorz > Such a high transition temperature is theoretically impossible for a conventional superconductor, leading the materials to be termed high-temperature superconductors.

It has been experimentally demonstrated that, as a consequence, when the magnetic field is increased beyond the critical field, the resulting phase transition leads to a decrease in the temperature of the superconducting material.

Cricket in the 1860s underwent an evolutionary phase with the legalisation of overarm bowling in June 1864 and Grace himself said it was " no exaggeration to say that, between 1860 and 1870, English cricket passed through its most critical period " with the game in transition and " it was quite a revolutionary period so far as its rules were concerned ".

This is a critical advantage of TTL over DTL that speeds up the transition over a diode input structure.

In any system containing liquid and gaseous phases, there exists a special combination of pressure and temperature, known as the critical point, at which the transition between liquid and gas becomes a second-order transition.

This transition " from the bars to the streets, from nightlife to daytime, from ' sexual deviance ' to an alternative lifestyle " was the critical moment in the development of the gay community.

The Information Age formed by capitalizing on the computer microminiaturization advances, with a transition spanning from the advent of the personal computer in the late 1970s to the internet's reaching a critical mass in the early 1990s, and the adoption of such technology by the public in the two decades after 1990.

It works closely with Oya ( Deity of the Winds ) and Egungun ( Collective Ancestral Spirits ) to herald the way for those that pass to ancestorship, as it plays a critical role in Iku, Aye and the transition of human beings and spirits between these two existences.

The transition between the materials in the alternating pattern creates the critical " direct bandgap " property.

The destruction of magnetization at the Curie temperature is a second-order phase transition and a critical point where the magnetic susceptibility is theoretically infinite.

James Brown was critical in the transition of rhythm and blues to soul music and pioneering funk music.