When Thomas Hobbes wrote that " the Papacy is no other than the ghost of the deceased Roman Empire sitting crowned upon the grave thereof ", he was promulgating an enormously important truth.

An early professed empiricist, Thomas Hobbes, known as an eccentric denizen of the court of Charles II of England ( an " old bear "), published in 1651 Leviathan, a political treatise written during the English civil war, containing an early manifesto in English of rationalism.

Entering the University of Leiden he took his degree in philosophy in 1689, with a dissertation De distinctione mentis a corpore ( on the difference of the mind from the body ), in which he attacked the doctrines of Epicurus, Thomas Hobbes and Spinoza.

Later, when Watterson was creating names for the characters in his comic strip, he allegedly decided upon Calvin ( after the Protestant reformer John Calvin ) and Hobbes ( after the social philosopher Thomas Hobbes ) as a " tip of the hat " to the political science department at Kenyon.

" There seems to be little doubt that this could only be John Calvin and Thomas Hobbes, respectively.

This idea was already rejected as untenable by John Calvin ( 1509 – 1564 ), and by the time of Thomas Hobbes ( 1588 – 1679 ) it was recognised that the book must have been written much later than the period it depicted.

Hedonism, for example, teaches that this feeling is pleasure — either one's own, as in egoism ( the 17th-century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ), or everyone's, as in universalistic hedonism, or utilitarianism ( the 19th-century English philosophers Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, and Henry Sidgwick ), with its formula of the " greatest pleasure of the greatest number.

Classical liberals agreed with Thomas Hobbes that government had been created by individuals to protect themselves from one another.

Hayek conceded that the national labels did not exactly correspond to those belonging to each tradition: Hayek saw the Frenchmen Montesquieu, Constant and Tocqueville as belonging to the " British tradition " and the British Thomas Hobbes, Priestley, Richard Price and Thomas Paine as belonging to the " French tradition ".

* 1679 – Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher ( b. 1588 )

Thomas Hobbes – a 17th century deist and important influence on subsequent deists – used the cosmological argument for the existence of God at several places in his writings.

Other philosophers, such as Thomas Hobbes and David Gauthier, have argued that the conflicts which arise when people each pursue their own ends can be resolved for the best of each individual only if they all voluntarily forgo some of their aims — that is, one's self-interest is often best pursued by allowing others to pursue their self-interest as well so that liberty is equal among individuals.

* Thomas Hobbes

* Hobbes, Thomas, 1968, Leviathan, C. B. Macpherson ( ed.

Philosophers associated with empiricism include Aristotle, Alhazen, Avicenna, Ibn Tufail, Robert Grosseteste, William of Ockham, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, Leopold von Ranke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Popper.

When was a " base sycophant " loved and honoured by piety such as that of Herbert, Tennison, and Rawley, by noble spirits like Hobbes, Ben Jonson, and Selden, or followed to the grave, and beyond it, with devoted affection such as that of Sir Thomas Meautys.

Aubrey has been criticised for his evident credulousness in this and other works ; on the other hand, he knew Thomas Hobbes, Bacon's fellow-philosopher and friend.

A moral philosopher who produced alternatives to the ideas of Thomas Hobbes, one of his major contributions to world thought was the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, " the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers ".

# REDIRECT Thomas Hobbes

While it was once thought that Locke wrote the Treatises to defend the Glorious Revolution of 1688, recent scholarship has shown that the work was composed well before this date, and it is now viewed as a more general argument against absolute monarchy ( particularly as espoused by Robert Filmer and Thomas Hobbes ) and for individual consent as the basis of political legitimacy.

Thomas Hobbes was an English Age of Enlightenment | Enlightenment scholar

In his Leviathan of 1651, Thomas Hobbes referred to it as the English Translation made in the beginning of the Reign of King James.

Secularism draws its intellectual roots from Greek and Roman philosophers such as Marcus Aurelius and Epicurus ; medieval Muslim polymaths such as Ibn Rushd ; Enlightenment thinkers such as Denis Diderot, Voltaire, Baruch Spinoza, John Locke, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Paine ; and more recent freethinkers, agnostics, and atheists such as Robert Ingersoll and Bertrand Russell.

Some of the main philosophers who have dealt with this issue are Marcus Aurelius, Omar Khayyám, Thomas Hobbes, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz, David Hume, Baron d ' Holbach ( Paul Heinrich Dietrich ), Pierre-Simon Laplace, Arthur Schopenhauer, William James, Friedrich Nietzsche, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Ralph Waldo Emerson and, more recently, John Searle, Ted Honderich, and Daniel Dennett.

Israel cites a letter from More to Glanvill, from 1678 and included in Sadducismus Triumphatus, in which he says that followers of Thomas Hobbes and Baruch Spinoza use scepticism about " spirits and angels " to undermine belief in the Scripture mentioning them.

By reputation, at least, Bodin was cited as an unbeliever, deist or atheist by Christian writers who associated him with perceived free-thinking and sceptical tradition of Machiavelli and Pietro Pomponazzi, Lucilio Vanini, Thomas Hobbes and Baruch Spinoza: Pierre-Daniel Huet, Nathaniel Falck, Claude-François Houtteville.

It shows a torch-bearing crowd setting fire to a pile of books of John Milton, Baruch Spinoza, Albert Einstein, Voltaire, and Thomas Mann.

In the previous century scholars such as Thomas Hobbes and Baruch Spinoza had drawn up long lists inconsistencies and contradictions and anachronisms in the Torah, and used these to argue that Moses could not have been the author of the entire five books.

III 4 4, Doctor of the Church Thomas Aquinas quotes Baruch 3: 38 to affirm that " the Son of God assumed human nature in order to show Himself in men's sight, according to Baruch 3: 38: ' Afterwards He was seen upon earth, and conversed with men.

St. Hilary of Poitiers, d. AD 368, also a Church Father, quoted the same passage as St. Thomas, supra, ( 3: 36-38 ), citing " Jeremias ", about which Jurgens states: " Baruch was secretary to Jeremias, and is cited by the Fathers mostly under the name of Jeremias " (§ 864n ).

In the narrowest sense, the term is used to refer principally to the philosophy of the 1600s, posited to have begun with René Descartes ; to have included Thomas Hobbes, Blaise Pascal, Baruch de Spinoza ; and to have ended with Leibniz, Isaac Newton or Spinoza.

Many philosophers and theologians have rejected this conception of god while affirming belief in another conception of god, including St. Augustine, Maimonides, St. Thomas Aquinas, Baruch Spinoza, and Søren Kierkegaard.

La Peyrère was influenced by Thomas Hobbes and was an influence on Baruch Spinoza.

These lectures, first printed separately, were afterwards published together under the title of A Discourse concerning the Being and Attributes of God, the Obligations of Natural Religion, and the Truth and Certainly of the Christian Revelation, in opposition to Thomas Hobbes, Spinoza, the author of the Oracles of Reason, and other Deniers of Natural and Revealed Religion.

He increasingly turned to the unorthodox religious views of writers such as Spinoza, David Friedrich Strauss, Emerson, Goethe, and especially Thomas Carlyle.

During the next decade ` Abdu ' l-Bahá would be in constant communication with Bahá ' ís around the world, helping them to teach the religion ; the group included May Ellis Bolles in Paris, Englishman Thomas Breakwell, American Herbert Hopper, French Hippolyte Dreyfus, Susan Moody, Lua Getsinger, and American Laura Clifford Barney.

Despite Thomas Habington's protests, the men spent the next four days searching the house.

A variety of other martyrs for the Lollard cause were executed during the next century, including the Amersham Martyrs in the early 1500s and Thomas Harding who died in 1532, one of the last Lollards to be persecuted.

The next season, Milwaukee won 95 games and finished second in the East behind the Baltimore Orioles on the strength of their home run power, led by Oglivie ( who led the league in homers in 1980 along with Reggie Jackson ), Cooper, and Thomas ( who hit a then club-record 45 home runs in 1979, since broken by Prince Fielder, who hit 50 homers in 2007 ).

Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London.

The next governors, Thomas Brooke ( temporary governor, 1821 – 1823 ) and Alexander Walker ( 1823 – 1828 ), successfully brought the island through this post-Napoleonic period with the opening of a new farmer ’ s market in Jamestown, the foundation of an Agricultural and Horticultural Society and improvements in education.

Historian Ronald Numbers has been quoted as saying: " I can't say much about Gould's strengths as a scientist, but for a long time I've regarded him as the second most influential historian of science ( next to Thomas Kuhn ).

On first down, linebacker Ted Hendricks deflected Morton's pass, and then running back Duane Thomas was tackled for a 1-yard loss on the next play.

On the next play, Dallas linebackers Mike Hegman and Thomas " Hollywood " Henderson went after Bradshaw on a blitz.

Then aided by a 29-yard pass interference penalty on Redskins cornerback Martin Mayhew in the end zone, the Bills finally scored a touchdown on their next drive with a 1-yard run by Thomas to make the score 24-10.

But the Dallas defense tightened up on the next 3 plays as Kelly threw a 3-yard completion to Thomas, an incomplete pass, and a completion to Thomas for no gain.

* November 5 – Gunpowder Plot: A plot by to blow up the English Houses of Parliament is foiled when Sir Thomas Knyvet, a justice of the peace, finds Guy Fawkes in a cellar below the Parliament building and orders a search of the area ( records show 36 barrels of gunpowder were found, and Fawkes was arrested for trying to kill King James I of England and the members who were scheduled to sit together in Parliament the next day ).

With incumbent President George Washington having refused a third term in office, incumbent Vice President John Adams from Massachusetts became a candidate for the presidency on the Federalist Party ticket with former Governor Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina as the next most popular Federalist.

The next day, UPI's White House correspondent, Helen Thomas, resigned her position, after working for UPI 57 years.

He narrowly won the local party ballot with twelve votes against the next highest candidate George Thomas with eleven.

Some critics compare Ehrlich unfavorably to Malthus, saying that although Thomas Malthus did not make a firm prediction of imminent catastrophe, Ehrlich warned of a potential massive disaster within the next decade or two.

Charlotte Amalie sits on the south part of Saint Thomas next to Water Island.

" Rozonda " Chilli " Thomas of TLC recalled that when the group was first forming, she declared " I'm ready to be the next Janet Jackson!

The next year he was captured at the Battle of Baugé where his nephew Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence was killed.

* Apostle Thomas, James the Greater and Philip are the next group of three.

The next attack came in 1345, when the Earl of Derby overran the Agenais ( lost twenty years before in the War of Saint-Sardos ) and took Angoulême, while the forces in Brittany under Sir Thomas Dagworth also made gains.

In 1349, Pope Clement VI annulled Joan ’ s marriage to the Earl and sent her back to Thomas Holland, with whom she lived for the next eleven years.

The largest death toll was on 3 March 1991 when the UVF killed IRA members John Quinn, Dwayne O ' Donnell and Malcolm Nugent, and civilian Thomas Armstrong in the car park next to Boyle's Bar, Cappagh.