* The following samples presumably predate the Lord of the Rings, but they were not explicitly dated: DTS 16, DTS 17, DTS 18 – Elvish Script Sample I, II, III, with parts of the English poems Errantry and Bombadil, first published in the Silmarillion Calendar 1978, later in Pictures by J. R. R. Tolkien, as well as DTS 23 – So Lúthien, a page of the English Lay of Leithan text facsimiled in The Lays of Beleriand: 299.

In The Book of Lost Tales ( published in two parts ), the young Tolkien originally intended Eärendil, then spelled Earendel, to be the first of the Half-elven.

Tolkien Reads and Sings his The Hobbit & The Fellowship of the Ring, George Sayer wrote that Tolkien would relive the book as they walked and compared parts of the Malvern Hills to the White Mountains of Gondor.

The Children of Ilúvatar ( Elves and Men ) are described as existing as two parts: they have a " spirit " or " soul " called fëa, and a body or hröa which is made out of the matter of Arda ( erma ); for this reason hröar are Marred ( or, using another expression by Tolkien himself, contain a " Melkoringredient "), and this explains also why it was easier for Melkor and his servants to seduce Men rather than Elves, because mannish fëar have much less control of their hröar.

There are more changes visible within the book, and it is not internally consistent, partially because even while still writing it Tolkien began rewriting earlier parts as his ideas about the world changed.

Three very interesting other parts are the Ambarkanta or " Shape of the World ", a collection of maps and diagrams of the world described by Tolkien ; and the Annals of Valinor and Beleriand, chronological works which started out as timelines but gradually turned into full narrative.

In the liner notes for J. R. R Tolkien Reads and Sings his The Hobbit & The Fellowship of the Rings, George Sayer wrote that Tolkien would relive the book as they walked and compared parts of the Malvern Hills to the White Mountains of Gondor.

Sigelwara Land is the title of an essay in two parts by J. R. R. Tolkien, appeared in Medium Aevum

In his work Finn and Hengest, J. R. R. Tolkien argued that Hengist was a historical figure, and that Hengist came to Britain after the events recorded in the Finnesburg Fragment and Beowulf.

Chance compares the development and growth of Bilbo against other characters to the concepts of just kingship versus sinful kingship derived from the Ancrene Wisse ( which Tolkien had written on in 1929 ) and a Christian understanding of Beowulf.

Tolkien, an accomplished Beowulf scholar, claims the poem to be among his " most valued sources " in writing The Hobbit.

Tolkien is credited with being the first critic to expound on Beowulf as a literary work with value beyond merely historical, and his 1936 lecture Beowulf: the Monsters and the Critics is still required reading for students of Anglo-Saxon.

The Beowulf poem contains several elements that Tolkien borrowed for The Hobbit, including a monstrous, intelligent dragon.

In many ways the Smaug episode reflects and references the dragon of Beowulf, and Tolkien uses the episode to put into practice some of the ground-breaking literary theories he had developed about the Anglo-Saxon poem and its early medieval portrayal of the dragon as having bestial intelligence.

Tolkien identified in his 1936 lecture " Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics " a " Northern ' theory of courage '"— the heroic or " virtuous pagan " insistence to do the right thing even in the face of certain defeat without promise of reward or salvation:

" This theft of a cup, Smaug's knowledge of every item in the hoard, and the dragon's ensuing rampage all echo the story of Beowulf, on which Tolkien was a noted expert and which he described as one of his " most valued sources " for The Hobbit.

From 1925 to 1945, Tolkien was a Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford University, and a prominent critic of Beowulf — on which he gave a lecture at the British Academy in 1936.

In his lectures, Tolkien argued that the Hengest of " The Fight at Finnsburg " and Beowulf was an historical rather than a legendary figure and that these works record episodes from an orally composed and transmitted history of the Hengest named in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

( It is not clear which side Friðiwulf was fighting on, but Tolkien thinks it likely he was staying in the hall with Hnæf, his foster-father and uncle ; this would explain why Beowulf emphasizes that Friðiwulf was laid on the funeral pyre at Hnæf's side.

Tolkien points out that Beowulf was unknown at the time and so could not have influenced Messenius to imagine Lotherus fleeing to Jutland.

Tolkien was largely influenced by an ancient body of Anglo-Saxon myths, particularly Beowulf, as well as modern works such as The Worm Ouroboros by E. R. Eddison.

J. R. R. Tolkien in his essay, ' Beowulf: the Monsters and the Critics ' argues that Beowulf is a heroic elegy.

" Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics " was a 1936 lecture given by J. R. R. Tolkien on literary criticism on the Old English heroic epic poem Beowulf.

In this talk, Tolkien speaks against critics who play down the fantastic elements of the poem ( such as Grendel and the dragon ) in favour of using Beowulf solely as a source for Anglo-Saxon history.

Tolkien, delivered in 1936, that Beowulf was established as a quintessentially English poem that, while Christian, looked back on a living memory of paganism.

As in plot and setting, Tolkien brings his literary theories to bear in forming characters and their interactions.

Tolkien has managed to incorporate into the imagery elements of plot ( the horn that was blowing ), his consistent thematic imagery of West and shadow and imagery of the constant seasonal and linear flow of irretrievable time that gives The Lord of the Rings an authentically Anglo-Saxon note.

J. R. R. Tolkien wanted to use this as the overall title for the third volume of The Lord of the Rings, feeling that the title " The Return of the King " gave away too much of the plot.

Soon after, Tolkien introduced the eagles into The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, repeating in the latter some plot elements and names present in older writings.

J. R. R. Tolkien delved into the nature of good and evil in The Lord of the Rings, but many of his imitators use the conflict as a plot device and often do not distinguish the sides by their actual behavior.

The game package acknowledges the strong influence of Tolkien on the plot of Journey.

Tolkien Encyclopedia compares Tolkien's Father Christmas with L. Frank Baum's Santa Claus, as he appears in The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus:

Tolkien discusses the characteristics of Gandalf in his essay on the Istari, which appears in the work Unfinished Tales.

In the narrative of The Lord of the Rings, the westward target of the road appears as Min-Rimmon, but elsewhere it is stated that the valley ended at Nardol, where the quarries were located, and Christopher Tolkien showed that the former statement may be erroneous.

However, more than just supplying names, the " Catalogue of the Dwarves " appears to have inspired Tolkien to supply meaning and context to the list of names — that they travelled together, and this in turn became the quest told of in The Hobbit.

) This is a reasonable inference but appears to be unsupported by direct evidence from Tolkien.

However, it is unclear if this is the case, and it appears that Tolkien may have dropped the use of " vanya " as a verb in his later conceptions of Quenya.

Gildor's ancestry appears to be a loose thread that Tolkien never properly tied up.

The title is derived from the subtitle of The Hobbit, by Lord of the Rings author J. R. R. Tolkien ; the title also appears in the film Fellowship of the Ring and Return of the King.

Fantasy writer and Oxford don J. R. R. Tolkien appears as the elderly " Professor Timberlake " in this novel.

The word Gongs is also used on a few occasions and it appears both distinct from Orcs, and as a sub-type of Orc, Christopher Tolkien remarks that Gongs are " evil beings obscurely related to Orcs ".

Tolkien was hesitant about the exact Elvish translations of names: in various texts the later Turumarth appears as Turumart, Turmarth, or Turamarth ; Mormegil as Mormagli ( r ) or Mormael in Gnomish / Sindarin and as Mormakil in Quenya.

In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, Beleg is a major character who appears in numerous books, tales and poems about the First Age of Middle-earth such as The Silmarillion, The Lays of Beleriand and the Children of Húrin.

Tolkien used Boffin as a surname for the Boffin family in The Hobbit ( 1937 ), and a Sergeant Boffin in appears in Mr. Bliss ( written circa 1932 ).

The poem appears only in one other book by Tolkien, The Road Goes Ever On.

In the verdict of Ursula K. Le Guin, Morris appears as one of the three master prose stylists of fantasy in the 20th century, together with E. R. Eddison and J. R. R. Tolkien.

In That Hideous Strength Ransom, with his royal charisma and matter-of-fact breezy acceptance of the supernatural, appears less like Tolkien than like Charles Williams ( or some of the heroes in Williams ' books ).

For Tolkien, the term appears to have had a thematic meaning that went beyond its implied meaning in terms of form.