" On Fairy-Stories " is an essay by J. R. R. Tolkien which discusses the fairy-story as a literary form.

Tolkien also discusses phonaesthetics, citing Greek, Finnish, and Welsh as examples of " languages which have a very characteristic and in their different ways beautiful word-form ".

Humphrey Carpenter in his 1977 biography relates that Tolkien owned a postcard entitled Der Berggeist (), and on the paper cover in which he kept it, he wrote " the origin of Gandalf ".

When writing The Hobbit in the early 1930s Tolkien gave the name Gandalf to the leader of the Dwarves, the character later called Thorin Oakenshield.

Gandalf's role and importance was substantially increased in the conception of The Lord of the Rings, and in a letter of 1954, Tolkien refers to Gandalf as an " angel incarnate ".

Both in 1965 and 1971 Tolkien again refers to Gandalf as an angelic being.

In a letter of 1946 Tolkien stated that he thought of Gandalf as an " Odinic wanderer ".

Tolkien explicitly links Gandalf to the element Fire later in the same essay:

* The painting from which Tolkien drew inspiration for Gandalf

Tolkien describes them as " fell beasts ", though Tolkien applies the adjective fell (" fierce, cruel ") to a variety of other creatures throughout The Lord of the Rings — even at one point to Gandalf.

However, Christopher Tolkien indicates that his father intended to change this derivation and bring Radagast in line with the other wizard-names, Gandalf and Saruman, by associating it with the old language of the Men of the Vales of Anduin.

They were named for Gandalf the wizard, from the Middle-earth stories by J. R. R. Tolkien.

Tolkien indirectly states that Théoden's death could have been prevented if Gandalf had helped the Rohirrim instead, as he had intended.

Gandalf states that his name in " the south " is " Incánus " ( which is obviously Latin and means " very grey-haired " and thus may be simply a translation of the original Olorin's name among the Haradrim, just like name " Gandalf " itself is an anglicized Old Norse translation of a Westron name ), thought by some to be a Haradrim name, but speculated by Tolkien to actually be a Westron or Sindarin form from Gondor.

While Tolkien wrote that the Orcs were already demoralized before Gandalf arrived, the film encounter is somewhat more dramatic with the Orcs forming up an organized sheltron against the charging Rohirrim horseman but at last minute the Orcs ' line falters after they are dazzled by sunlight.

* Gandalf, a chess engine, named after the Tolkien character

In his fictional writings, J. R. R. Tolkien named his wizard Gandalf after the Dvergr.

The painting is reproduced on a postcard that was in the possession of J. R. R. Tolkien, marked " the origin of Gandalf ".

* Tolkien on Fairy-Stories, by Verlyn Flieger and Douglas A. Anderson: " A new expanded edition of Tolkien's most famous, and most important essay, which defined his conception of fantasy as a literary form ..."( 2008 ) ISBN 978-0-00-724466-9.

J. R. R. Tolkien challenges this concept in his essay " On Fairy-Stories ", choosing instead the paradigm of secondary belief based on inner consistency of reality.

Tolkien wrote in his essay " On Fairy Stories " that the terms " fantasy " and " enchantment " are connected to not only "... the satisfaction of certain primordial human desires ..." but also "... the origin of language and of the mind.

In his essay " On Fairy-Stories ", J. R. R. Tolkien agreed with the exclusion of " fairies " from the definition, defining fairy tales as stories about the adventures of men in Faërie, the land of fairies, fairytale princes and princesses, dwarves, elves, and not only other magical species but many other marvels.

However, Tolkien claims that he started The Hobbit suddenly, without premeditation, in the midst of rating a set of student essay exams, writing on a blank piece of paper: " In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit ".

Sometime before 1969 Tolkien wrote the essay Of Dwarves and Men, in which detailed consideration was given to the Dwarves ' use of language, that the names given in the stories were of Northern Mannish origin, and Khuzdûl being their own secret tongue and the naming of the Seven Houses of the Dwarves.

The most recent ( 2005 ) edition, edited by Verlyn Flieger, includes a previously unpublished essay by Tolkien, explaining the background and just why the elf-king spent so long in Wootton Major.

In an essay on Elven languages, written in 1954, Tolkien gives meaning of ' orc ' as " evil spirit or bogey " and goes on to state that the origin of the Old English word is the Latin name Orcus — god of the underworld.

Nevertheless, a different conception may be present in a yet later essay on the origin of the Ents which, according to Christopher Tolkien, is likely to derive from 1963 and was included into the published Silmarillion.

Tolkien, in his essay " On Fairy-Stories " complained of such devices as unwillingness to treat the genre seriously.

Tolkien, in his essay " On Fairy Stories ", claimed that no individual fantasy story can be successful without maintaining an " inner consistency of reality ".

J. R. R. Tolkien in his essay, ' Beowulf: the Monsters and the Critics ' argues that Beowulf is a heroic elegy.

For instance, J. R. R. Tolkien, responding to the Anglo-Saxon academic debate on escapism in the 1930s, wrote in his essay " On Fairy-Stories " that escapism had an element of emancipation in its attempt to figure a different reality.

Sigelwara Land is the title of an essay in two parts by J. R. R. Tolkien, appeared in Medium Aevum

In his 1955 essay ' English and Welsh ', commenting on his affection for the Welsh language, Tolkien wrote:

The Rivers and Beacon-Hills of Gondor is a historical-etymological essay written by J. R. R. Tolkien sometime after June 1969.

It is from the answer of this query that Tolkien decided to embark on a comprehensive essay of not only the Rivers of Gondor, but also of the Beacon-hills of Gondor, as mentioned in The Return of the King.

However, as with many of his late works, Tolkien never got to finish the essay, abandoning it while in the middle of the discussion of the beacon-hill Halifirien.

One of the most frequently quoted passages from the essay comes in a context where Tolkien relates how he randomly met a fellow language inventor in the army:

His essay " Tolkien and Frodo Baggins " appeared in Tolkien and the Critics ( ed.

Tolkien, have insisted on the traditional form of Father Christmas in preference to Santa Claus.

Glorantha shares some fantasy tropes such as dwarves, elves, trolls, giants, but has developed them differently to the more conventional versions based on the work of Tolkien.

It was also an influence on J. R. R. Tolkien, who read it a few years before it was published in 1917.

* Faith Seeking Fantasy: Tolkien on Fairy Stories, Anthony J. Kelly, Theology @ McAuley, Issue 3, Banyo Edition, February 2003-theological response to < nowiki >'</ nowiki > On Fairy-Stories < nowiki >'</ nowiki >

Tolkien: Master of Middle-earth ," which describes the impact Tolkien's writings had on him, is featured in the following titles:

Many editions of the latter work, first published in 1975, shortly after his death, list Tolkien on the cover as author rather than translator.

The general form — that of a journey into strange lands, told in a light-hearted mood and interspersed with songs — may be following the model of The Icelandic Journals by William Morris, an important literary influence on Tolkien.

Chance compares the development and growth of Bilbo against other characters to the concepts of just kingship versus sinful kingship derived from the Ancrene Wisse ( which Tolkien had written on in 1929 ) and a Christian understanding of Beowulf.

Tolkien is credited with being the first critic to expound on Beowulf as a literary work with value beyond merely historical, and his 1936 lecture Beowulf: the Monsters and the Critics is still required reading for students of Anglo-Saxon.

The heirs of Tolkien, including his son Christopher Tolkien, filed suit against New Line Cinema in February 2008 seeking payment of profits and to be " entitled to cancel ... all future rights of New Line ... to produce, distribute, and / or exploit future films based upon the Trilogy and / or the Films ... and / or ... films based on The Hobbit.

Other holdings on the seven foremost authors ( G. K. Chesterton, George MacDonald, Dorothy L. Sayers, and Inklings Owen Barfield, C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, and Charles Williams ) include letters, manuscripts, audio and video tapes, artwork, dissertations, periodicals, photographs, and related materials.

" Because we grew up on comic books and the Tolkien trilogy, one of the things we're interested in is bringing serial fiction to cinema ," Lana has said.

As an author, illustrator and medievalist, he helped to establish the modern fantasy genre, and was a direct influence on postwar authors such as J. R. R. Tolkien.

The writer J. R. R. Tolkien was born in the city on 3 January 1892, though his family left South Africa following the death of his father, Arthur Tolkien, while Tolkien was still a child ( 1895 ).

Tolkien was a philologist by profession, and spent much time on his constructed languages.

Tolkien sometimes changed the " meaning " of an Elvish word, but he almost never disregarded it once invented, and he kept on refining its meaning, and countlessly forged new synonyms.

Tolkien never ceased to experiment on his constructed languages, and they were subjected to many revisions.

In the same letter Tolkien states he was given the form of an old man in order to limit his powers on Earth.