Shippey says that Tolkien knew well the translation of Boethius that was made by King Alfred and he quotes some “ Boethian ” remarks from Frodo, Treebeard and Elrond.

Tolkien says that, in order for the narrative to work, the reader must believe that what he reads is true within the secondary reality of the fictional world.

Tolkien says they were " less shy of Men ".

In a letter from circa 1963 Tolkien says explicitly that Sauron held the rings:

In the appendices of The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien says the " true " or Westron form of Sam's name is Banazîr Galbasi ( also spelled Galpsi ).

The Vala Yavanna forced the wizard Saruman to accept Radagast as a companion, which, Tolkien says, may have been one of the reasons Saruman was contemptuous of him, to the point of scornfully calling him " simple " and " a fool ".

In the last interview before his death, Tolkien, after discussing the nature of Elves, briefly says of his Dwarves: " The dwarves of course are quite obviously, wouldn't you say that in many ways they remind you of the Jews?

In The War of the Jewels Tolkien says both males and females have beards.

Tolkien says both " the Nine the nazgûl keep " and that Sauron had gathered the Nine to himself, though in the latter case his meaning may be metaphorical.

Tolkien says of the Valar ( including the Maiar ) that they can change their shape at will, and move unclad in the raiment of the world, meaning invisible and without form.

Regarding the references to " Delling's door " as used in Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks, Christopher Tolkien says that:

In the novel, the outermost walls of Minas Tirith was virtually indestructible like the similar black surface of Orthanc, as they were built by the Dúnedain before their craft waned in exile, and Tolkien says only an earthquake or similar seismic convulsion could cause them significant damage.

This is unlikely since no mortal could live that long, and Tolkien says explicitly that he was a living man and not a wraith.

Here Tolkien says that the title of " Prince " was given to the line of Dol Amroth by Elendil himself ; this was the family that had led the original Númenórean colonisation.

Tolkien says the original Red Book of Westmarch was not preserved.

Tolkien says neither hobbit seemed willing " to delete anything actually written by the old hobbit himself.

An exact count is not given of the number of Sauron's forces, though Tolkien says they were " ten times and more than ten times " the size of Aragorn's army.

Comparing the Germanic i-mutation and the Celtic affection, Tolkien says

* The Red Book of Westmarch and a surviving copy of it called The Thain's Book, portions of which were " translated " by J. R. R. Tolkien into his books The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.

Though not well known among philosophers, his philosophical work was taken up by Owen Barfield ( and through him influenced the Inklings, an Oxford group of Christian writers that included J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis ) and Richard Tarnas.

The Cirth (; " Runes ") are the letters of a semi-artificial script which was invented by J. R. R. Tolkien for the constructed languages he devised and used in his works.

This brash act ( which ultimately benefited his primary competitors as well as Tolkien ) was really the Big Bang that founded the modern fantasy field, and only someone like my father could have done that.

He did pay Tolkien, and he was responsible for making not only Tolkien but Ballantine Books extremely wealthy.

Tolkien had authorized a paperback edition of The Hobbit in 1961, though that edition was never made available outside the U. K.

In any case, Ace was forced to cease publishing the unauthorized edition and to pay Tolkien for their sales following a grass-roots campaign by Tolkien's U. S. fans.

Jacob Grimm in his Deutsches Wörterbuch deplored the " unhochdeutsch " form Elf, borrowed " unthinkingly " from the English, and Tolkien was inspired by Grimm to recommend reviving the genuinely German form in his Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings ( 1967 ) and Elb, Elben was consequently reintroduced in the 1972 German translation of The Lord of the Rings.

It was also an influence on J. R. R. Tolkien, who read it a few years before it was published in 1917.

High fantasy was brought to fruition through the work of authors such as J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis.

This was something Tolkien often denied ; rather, he suggested that Middle-earth was the primary world, but in the past .< ref > Letters 183: " I am historically minded.

In his work Finn and Hengest, J. R. R. Tolkien argued that Hengist was a historical figure, and that Hengist came to Britain after the events recorded in the Finnesburg Fragment and Beowulf.

Tolkien was compulsive in his writing, his revision, his desire for perfection in form and in the " reality " of his invented world, its languages, its chronologies, its existence.

Like Niggle, Tolkien faced many chores and duties that kept him from the work he loved ; and like Niggle, Tolkien was a horrible procrastinator.

They are sometimes compared to the work of his older contemporary J. R. R. Tolkien, but his surreal fiction was influenced by his early love for Charles Dickens and Robert Louis Stevenson rather than Tolkien's studies of mythology and philology.

It was around this time that J. R. R. Tolkien was employed by the OED, researching etymologies of the Waggle to Warlock range ; he parodied the principal editors as " The Four Wise Clerks of Oxenford " in the story Farmer Giles of Ham.

It was initially written for presentation by Tolkien as the Andrew Lang lecture at the University of St Andrews, Scotland, in 1939.

On Fairy-Stories was subsequently published with Leaf by Niggle in Tree and Leaf, as well as in The Tolkien Reader, published in 1966.

Tolkien was among the pioneers of the genre that we would now call fantasy writing.

* Tolkien on Fairy-Stories, by Verlyn Flieger and Douglas A. Anderson: " A new expanded edition of Tolkien's most famous, and most important essay, which defined his conception of fantasy as a literary form ..."( 2008 ) ISBN 978-0-00-724466-9.

The general form — that of a journey into strange lands, told in a light-hearted mood and interspersed with songs — may be following the model of The Icelandic Journals by William Morris, an important literary influence on Tolkien.

Determining the epoch of a Fifth Age is important for those who apply the Tolkien calendar to present dates.

:" Garner is indisputably the great originator, the most important British writer of fantasy since Tolkien, and in many respects better than Tolkien, because deeper and more truthful ... Any country except Britain would have long ago recognised his importance, and celebrated it with postage stamps and statues and street-names.

Tolkien, who purchased a volume of Thompson's works in 1913-1914, and later said that it was an important influence on his own writing.

An important line of demarcation came when Lampoon editors Douglas Kenney and Henry Beard wrote the Tolkien parody Bored of the Rings.

Moreover, it was an important source of inspiration for Tolkien when shaping his legends of Middle-earth.

In the works of J. R. R. Tolkien such as The Lord of the Rings, many magical swords, usually with powers for good, are wielded by important characters.