In doing so, some historians have tried to distance Stalinism from Leninism in order to undermine the Totalitarian view that the negative facets of Stalin ( terror, etc.

; Litvin, Alter L. Stalinism: Russian and Western Views at the Turn of the Millennium ( Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions ).

* Redefining Stalinism ( Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions ), edited by Harold Shukman.

The Totalitarian Sphere features sculptures of the main Communist leaders and thinkers, including Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, and Karl Marx.

He has written on the early political writers Niccolò Machiavelli and Étienne de La Boétie and explored " the Totalitarian enterprise " in its " denial of social division ... of the difference between the order of power, the order of law and the order of knowledge ".

For answers to such questions we must turn to the anthropologists, the biologists, the historians, the psychologists, and the sociologists.

Anthropologists, housewives, historians and such by profession, they approach their discipline as amateurs, collectors, commercial propagandists, analysts or some combination of the four.

In recent years, historians such as Harry Jaffa, Herman Belz, John Diggins, Vernon Burton and Eric Foner have stressed Lincoln's redefinition of republican values.

Considering the relative weight given to causes of the Civil War by contemporary actors, historians such as Chandra Manning argue that both Union and Confederate fighting soldiers believed slavery to be the cause of the Civil War.

While authors such as Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Marc Ferro and Jacques Le Goff continue to carry the Annales banner, today the Annales approach has been less distinctive as more and more historians do work in cultural history, political history and economic history.

These historians point towards the unstable oligarchies established by Lysander in the former Athenian Empire and the failures of Spartan leaders ( such as Pausanias and Kleombrotos ) for the eventually suppression of Spartan power.

Art historians and theorists such as Cesare Brandi have also played a significant role in developing conservation-restoration theory.

However, there are also many modern historians who object to this view and point out that such a hostile attitude towards Athanasius is based on an unfair judgment of historical sources.

The barge and canal system contended favorably with the railways in the early industrial revolution prior to around the 1850s – 1960s for example, the Erie Canal in New York State is credited by economic historians with giving the growth boost needed for New York City to eclipse Philadelphia as America's largest port and city but such canal systems with their locks, need for maintenance and dredging, pumps and sanitary issues were eventually outcompeted in the carriage of high-value items by the railways due to the higher speed, falling costs, and route flexibility of Rail transport.

Blitzkrieg itself is not an official doctrine and historians in recent times have come to the conclusion it did not exist as such:

Other historians debate this analysis ( such as if the order was a violation ) or debate aspects of the records, and have been either harsher or more lenient.

The Greco-Persian wars are also described in less detail by a number of other ancient historians including Plutarch, Ctesias of Cnidus, and are alluded by other authors, such as the playwright Aeschylus.

Scholars such as Frederick W. Mote argue that the wide drop in numbers reflects an administrative failure to record rather than an actual decrease ; others such as Timothy Brook argue that the Mongols created a system of enserfment among a huge portion of the Chinese populace, causing many to disappear from the census altogether ; other historians like William McNeill and David Morgan argue that the Bubonic Plague was the main factor behind the demographic decline during this period.

The canonization of Saint Udalric, Bishop of Augsburg, by Pope John XV in 999 is the first undoubted example of a papal canonization of a saint from outside Rome ( Some historians maintain that the first such canonization was that of Saint Swibert by Pope Leo III in 804 ).

Because of the immediacy of the information, historians tend to value live chronicles, such as annals, over dead ones.

The evidence from the ancient historians could also converge with evidence from other fields, such as archeology: for example, evidence that many senators fled Rome at the time, that the battles of Caesar ’ s civil war occurred, and so forth.

Later historians have suggested that Eisenhower privately wanted the Soviet Union to launch a satellite first, thereby establishing an overflight precedent that would allow the United States to orbit without Soviet protests, as the latter's closed society had far more to lose from such overflights than the United States did.

However, not only did he reject the title of Dominus during his reign, but since he issued no official documentation or coinage to this effect, historians such as Brian Jones contend that such phrases were addressed to Domitian by flatterers who wished to earn favors from the emperor.

Furthermore, contemporary historians such as Pliny the Younger, Tacitus and Suetonius all authored the information on his reign after it had ended, and his memory had been condemned to oblivion.

Modern historians consider this highly implausible however, noting that malicious rumours such as those concerning Domitia's alleged infidelity were eagerly repeated by post-Domitianic authors, and used to highlight the hypocrisy of a ruler publicly preaching a return to Augustan morals, while privately indulging in excesses and presiding over a corrupt court.

While many historians have believed that Allen took these actions because he already held Wentworth grants of his own, there is no evidence that he was issued any such grants until after he had been asked to take up the defense of grants held by others.

Even whom should be considered the earliest known king is contested: although C. Conti Rossini proposed that Zoskales of Axum, mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, should be identified with one Za Haqle mentioned in the Ethiopian King Lists ( a view embraced by later historians of Ethiopia such as Yuri M. Kobishchanov and Sergew Hable Sellasie ), G. W. B.

He opened the gates for a generation of labor historians, such as David Montgomery and Herbert Gutman, who made similar studies of the American working classes.

The thesis that the Third Reich went to war on the basis of " blitzkrieg economics " was criticized by Richard Overy in the 1980s and Historian George Raudzens highlighted the many, somewhat conflicting, senses in which historians have used the word.

Richard D. Brown worries that if historians fail to synthesize they, " run the risk of confirming the anti-academic canard that " historians know more and more about less and less.

This criticism did not match the typical idealized, romantic view of Richard the Lion-Hearted that was popular when Scott wrote the book, and yet it accurately echoes the way King Richard is often judged by historians today.

John Gillingham, author of a major biography of Richard I, follows this line too, although he considers John a less effective general than do Turner or Warren ; Bradbury takes a moderate line, but suggests that in recent years modern historians have been overly lenient towards John's numerous faults.

Duncan's argument has been supported by several subsequent historians specialising in the era, such as Richard Oram, Dauvit Broun and Alex Woolf.

More recently, several art historians, most prominently musicologist Richard Taruskin, have applied the term " ontogeny becomes phylogeny " to the process of creating and recasting art history, often to assert a perspective or argument.

British historian Richard J. Evans describes the difference in technique between historians and revisionists thus:

Historian Jean Flori states that contemporary historians generally accept that Richard was predominantly homosexual.

There is some debate between historians about which of Richard ’ s texts are the most influential and important.

Both More's and Shakespeare's works are controversial to contemporary historians for their unflattering portrait of King Richard III, a bias partly due to both authors ' allegiance to the reigning Tudor dynasty that wrested the throne from Richard III in the Wars of the Roses.

Some historians see an attack on royal tyranny, rather than on Richard III himself or on the House of York.

While biographers such as Ackroyd have taken a relatively tolerant view of More's campaign against Protestantism by placing his actions within the turbulent religious climate of the time, other equally eminent historians, such as Richard Marius, have been more critical, believing that persecutions -- including what he perceives as the advocacy of extermination for Protestants -- were a betrayal of More's earlier humanist convictions.

A number of modern historians and writers, such as Richard Marius, have evaluated More in his political capacity and have criticised him for Anti-Protestantism and, " intolerance.

Other prominent academics associated with the University include Geoffrey Bennington, the creator of the MA programme in Modern French Thought ( Derrida, Lyotard ); Homi K. Bhabha ( postcolonialism ); Rachel Bowlby ( feminism, Woolf, Freud ); Geoff Cloke FRS ( Inorganic Chemistry ); Jonathan Dollimore ( Renaissance literature, gender and queer studies ); Katy Gardner ( social anthropology ); Gabriel Josipovici ( Dante, the Bible ); Michael Land FRS ( Animal Vision-Frink Medal )); Michael Lappert FRS ( Inorganic Chemistry ); Alan Lehmann FRS ( Genetics and Genome Stability ); ( Laura Marcus ( Woolf ); John Murrell FRS ( Theoretical Chemistry ); Peter Nicholls ( Pound, modernism ); John Nixon FRS ( Inorganic Chemistry )); Laurence Pearl FRS ( Structural Biology ); Guy Richardson FRS ( Neuroscience ); Jacqueline Rose ( feminism, psychoanalysis ); Nicholas Royle ( modern literature and theory ; deconstruction ); Alan Sinfield ( Shakespeare, sexuality, queer theory ); Norman Vance ( Victorian, classical reception ); Richard Whatmore & Knud Haakonssen ( intellectual historians ); Gavin Ashenden ( Senior Lecturer in English, University Chaplain, and Chaplain to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Cedric Watts ( Conrad, Greene ); Marcus Wood ( postcolonialism ).

How abrupt and far-reaching the changes were is still a matter of debate among historians, with some such as Richard Southern claiming that the Conquest was the single most radical change in European history between the Fall of Rome and the 20th century.

Richard Joseph Daley ( May 15, 1902 – December 20, 1976 ) served for 21 years as the mayor and undisputed Democratic boss of Chicago and is considered by historians to be the " last of the big city bosses.

His lines ( quoted left ) have been cited as among the most memorable in cinematic history and are regarded by firearms historians, such as Garry James and Richard Venola, as the force which catapulted the ownership of. 44 Magnum pistols to unprecedented heights in the United States ; specifically the Smith & Wesson Model 29 carried by Harry Callahan.

Lawrence's sexual orientation remains a controversial topic amongst historians ; though Bolt's primary source was ostensibly Seven Pillars, the film's portrayal seems informed by Richard Aldington's then-recent Biographical Inquiry ( 1955 ), which posited among other things that Lawrence was homosexual.

The much higher figures given by contemporary chroniclers such as Froissart ( 100, 000 ) and Richard Wynkeley ( 80, 000 ) have been described by historians as quite exaggerated and " unacceptable " going by the extant war treasury records for 1340.

Richard Barber comments that Edward " has attracted relatively little attention from serious historians, but figures largely in popular history ".

Financial historians Richard Sylla and Robert E. Wright have shown that before 1860 most early U. S. corporations sold shares in themselves directly to the public without the aid of intermediaries like investment banks.