Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS ( ; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954 ), was a British mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, and computer scientist.

He was highly influential in the development of computer science, giving a formalisation of the concepts of " algorithm " and " computation " with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general purpose computer.

As of May 2012 a private member's bill was before the House of Lords which would grant Turing a statutory pardon if enacted.

His father, Julius Mathison Turing ( 1873 – 1947 ), was a member of an old aristocratic family of Scottish descent who worked for the Indian Civil Service ( the ICS ).

However, both Julius and Ethel wanted their children to be brought up in England, so they moved to Maida Vale, London, where Turing was born on 23 June 1912, as recorded by a blue plaque on the outside of the house of his birth, later the Colonnade Hotel.

Very early in life, Turing showed signs of the genius he was later to display prominently .< ref name = toolbox >

It was not a Turing complete computer, which distinguishes it from more general machines, like contemporary Konrad Zuse's Z3 ( 1941 ), or later machines like the 1946 ENIAC, 1949 EDVAC, the University of Manchester designs, or Alan Turing's post-War designs at NPL and elsewhere.

This topic was further developed in the 1930s by Alonso Church and Alan Turing, who on the one hand gave two independent but equivalent definitions of computability, and on the other gave concrete examples for undecidable questions.

Among the famous mathematicians and cryptanalysts working there, the most influential and the best-known in later years was Alan Turing who is widely credited with being " The Father of Computer Science ".

The first theory about software was proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem ( decision problem ).

One of the most influential contributions to this question was an essay written in 1950 by pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing, titled Computing Machinery and Intelligence.

If the experiment were done in English, since Searle knows English, he would be able to take questions and give answers without any algorithms for English questions, and he would be affectively aware of what was being said and the purposes it might serve: Searle passes the Turing test of answering the questions in both languages, but he's only conscious of what he's doing when he speaks English.

In a few years ( 1939 ) Turing would propose, like Church and Kleene before him, that his formal definition of mechanical computing agent was the correct one.

In 1997 he was awarded the Lemelson-MIT Prize of $ 500, 000, the world's largest single prize for invention and innovation, and the ACM Turing Award.

Both concepts later became known as navigational databases due to the way data was accessed, and Bachman's 1973 Turing Award presentation was The Programmer as Navigator.

This was done by Alonzo Church in 1936 with the concept of " effective calculability " based on his λ calculus and by Alan Turing in the same year with his concept of Turing machines.

It was recognized immediately by Turing that these are equivalent models of computation.

The negative answer to the was then given by Alonzo Church in 1935 – 36 and independently shortly thereafter by Alan Turing in 1936 – 37.

He received the 1972 Turing Award for fundamental contributions to developing programming languages, and was the Schlumberger Centennial Chair of Computer Sciences at The University of Texas at Austin from 1984 until 2000.

The discovery of the ELIZA effect was an important development in artificial intelligence, demonstrating the principle of using social engineering rather than explicit programming to pass a Turing test.

Berkeley and visiting Prof. Harold Stone, for which he was awarding the 1989 Turing award.

These include: In 1959 he became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; in 1967 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences ; the ACM's Turing Award for making " basic contributions to artificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition, and list processing " ( 1975 ); the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics " for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations " ( 1978 ); the National Medal of Science ( 1986 ); and the APA's Award for Outstanding Lifetime Contributions to Psychology ( 1993 ).

Loops and conditional branching were possible, and so the language as conceived would have been Turing-complete as later defined by Alan Turing.

Conventionally, the Turing test is conceived as having a human judge and a computer subject which attempts to appear human.

It was conceived by Richard Humphry, a barrister from Stockport, who set up the Alan Turing Memorial Fund in order to raise the necessary funds.

It was conceived by Richard Humphry, a barrister from Stockport, who set up the Alan Turing Memorial Fund in order to raise the necessary funds.

This machine, known as a bombe, was initially conceived by Alan Turing, but the actual machine was designed by BTM chief engineer Harold ' Doc ' Keen, who had led the company's engineering department throughout the 1930s.

There is a wide variety of representations possible and one can express a given Turing machine program as a sequence of machine tables ( see more at finite state machine, state transition table and control table ), as flowcharts ( see more at state diagram ), or as a form of rudimentary machine code or assembly code called " sets of quadruples " ( see more at Turing machine ).

During World War II, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School ( GCCS ) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre.

In 1948 Turing joined Max Newman's Computing Laboratory at Manchester University, where he assisted in the development of the Manchester computers and became interested in mathematical biology.

The windows at the top of the tower open into a room used by Turing.

In computational complexity theory, BPP, which stands for bounded-error probabilistic polynomial time is the class of decision problems solvable by a probabilistic Turing machine in polynomial time, with an error probability of at most 1 / 3 for all instances.

As a third issue, philosophers who dispute the validity of the Turing test may feel that it is possible, at least in principle, for verbal report to be dissociated from consciousness entirely: a philosophical zombie may give detailed verbal reports of awareness in the absence of any genuine awareness.

* It is Turing equivalent to the halting problem and thus at level of the arithmetical hierarchy.

Because all these different attempts at formalizing the concept of " effective calculability / computability " have yielded equivalent results, it is now generally assumed that the Church – Turing thesis is correct.

Alan Turing searched for them on the Manchester Mark 1 in 1949, but the first successful identification of a Mersenne prime, M < sub > 521 </ sub >, by this means was achieved at 10: 00 P. M. on January 30, 1952 using the U. S. National Bureau of Standards Western Automatic Computer ( SWAC ) at the Institute for Numerical Analysis at the University of California, Los Angeles, under the direction of Lehmer, with a computer search program written and run by Prof. R. M.

Contrary to the views of his colleague and friend Alan Turing, whose work at The University of Manchester prepared the way for the first modern computer, he denied that minds are reducible to collections of rules.

He was appointed a lecturer in mathematics at Cambridge in 1927, where his 1935 lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics and Gödel's Theorem inspired Alan Turing to embark on his pioneering work on the Entscheidungsproblem ( decision problem ) using a hypothetical computing machine.

In essence, a Turing machine is imagined to be a simple computer that reads and writes symbols one at a time on an endless tape by strictly following a set of rules.

In a deterministic Turing machine, the set of rules prescribes at most one action to be performed for any given situation.

The notion of string acceptance is unchanged: a non-deterministic Turing machine accepts a string if, when the machine is started on the configuration in which the tape head is on the first character of the string ( if any ), and the tape is all blank otherwise, at least one of the machine's possible computations from that configuration puts the machine into a state in.