All the Afghan volunteers were killed by the Chinese Muslim troops, who then abolished the First East Turkestan Republic, and reestablished Chinese government control over the area.

The first, more popularly supported, theory roughly follows Herodotus ' ( third ) account, stating that the Scythians were an Iranic group who arrived from Inner Asia, i. e. from the area of Turkestan and western Siberia.

The medieval Arab toponym " Turkestan " and its derivatives were not used by the local population of the greater region, and China had its own name for an overlapping area since the Han Dynasty as Xiyu, with the parts controlled by China termed Xinjiang from the 18th century onward.

The historical definitions for " East Turkestan " are multivarious and ambiguous, reflecting that outside of Chinese administration, the area now called " Xinjiang " was not geographically or demographically a single region.

The term " East Turkestan " was popularized in academic works, but inconsistently: at times, the term East Turkestan only referred to area in Xinjiang south of the Tian Shan mountains, corresponding to the Tarim Basin ; the areas north of the Tian Shan mountains were called Dzungaria or Zungaria.

Following annexation to Russia, the area was administered as the Transcaspian Region by corrupt and malfeasant military officers and officials appointed by the Turkestan Governor-Generalship in Tashkent.

The area known as East Turkestan had been a protectorate of China as early as 60 BC, though there are numerous periods of independence from China.

Their main homeland and domain in the ensuing centuries was the area of Transoxiana, in western Turkestan.

In the 8th century, the Oghuz Turks made a new home and domain for themselves in the area between the Caspian and Aral seas, a region that is often referred to as Transoxiana, the western portion of Turkestan.

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Because of failing health, the civil war in Chinese Turkestan, and a long period of captivity, Sven Hedin, by then 70 years of age, had a difficult time after the currency depreciation of the Great Depression raising the money required for the expedition, the logistics for assuring the supplying of the expedition in a war arena, and obtaining access for the expedition ’ s participants to a research area intensely contested by warlords.

During the time of Lalitaditya, its boundaries covered an area from Tibet in the east to Iran in the west and from Turkestan in the north.

Prior to Stalin's rule in Former USSR, the Middle Asia area was also referred to as Turkestan, used in many text books.

After the declarations of independence of the constituent republics of the area of West Turkestan ( Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan ) from the Soviet Union in 1991, calls for the liberation of East Turkestan from China began to surface again from many in the Turkic population.

Central Asia is sometimes referred to as Turkestan.

This policy led immediately to the Russian conquest of the rest of Central Asia and the creation of two administrative districts, the General-Gubernatorstvo ( Governor-Generalship ) of Russian Turkestan and that of the Steppe.

Originally a Cossack born in Ust-Kamenogorsk, Russian Turkestan ( now Kazakhstan ) in a family of Cossack Chorąży and his wife of kazakh origin, Kornilov entered military school in Omsk in 1885 and went on to study at the Mikhailovsky Artillery School in St. Petersburg in 1889. in August 1892, he was assigned as a lieutenant to the Turkestan Military District, where he led several exploration missions in Eastern Turkestan, Afghanistan and Persia, learned several Central Asian languages, and wrote detailed reports about his observations.

* Turkestan ( Central Asian republics and territories )

* Something relating to or from Turkestan, a region of Central Asia inhabited by Turkic peoples

The Indo-European family is represented by the Iranian branch, which includes Persian, Pashto, and other languages of Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Central Asia ; Indic, which includes Urdu, Hindi, and several state languages of India, Pakistan, and neighboring countries ; Russian in Siberia ; Greek around the Black Sea ; and Armenian ; as well as extinct languages such as Hittite of Anatolia and Tocharian of ( Chinese ) Turkestan.

After Persia had been considerably weakened by its defeat in 1860, Imperial Russia stepped up its campaign to wrest full control over the Central Asian region from Persian dominance and on their way southward, the Russians took the city of Turkestan ( in present day Kazakhstan ) in 1864.

* Turkestan Solo: A Journey Through Central Asia, by Ella Maillart.

* The Heart of Asia: A History of Russian Turkestan and the Central Asian Khanates from the Earliest Times by Edward Den Ross.

Some commentators believe that this suggests that the story might be set in Turkestan ( encompassing Central Asia and the modern Chinese province of Xinjiang ).

" East Turkestan ", a term of Russian origin, asserts a continuity with a " West Turkestan ", or the now-independent states of Soviet Central Asia.

Regardless of the new Russian appellations, the original inhabitants of Central Asia generally continued not to use the word " Turkestan " to refer to their own territories.

For contemporary British travelers and English-language material, there was no consensus on a designation for Xinjiang, with " Chinese Turkestan ", " East Turkestan ", " Chinese Central Asia ", " Serindia " and " Sinkiang " being used interchangeably to describe the region of Xinjiang.

In 1921, the Soviet Union officially defined the Uyghurs as the sedentary Turkic peoples from Chinese Turkestan as part of their nation building policy in Central Asia.

In October 1924, when Central Asia was divided into distinct political entities, the Transcaspian Region and Turkmen Oblast of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ( Turkestan ASSR ) became the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic ( Turkmen SSR ), a full-fledged constituent republic of the Soviet Union.

But the merchants of West Turkestan were called all over Central Asia Andijanis, from the town of Andijan in Ferghana.

He joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( CPSU ) in 1920 and worked as a political commissar on a propaganda train in Turkestan, Central Asia, during the Russian civil war in Central Asia.

* Turkestan ( the Central Asian Soviet republics, ethnically mainly Turkic ).

In Asia, the Soviet Union had already converted Mongolia into a satellite state but abandoned propping up the Second East Turkestan Republic and gave up its Manchurian claims to China.

* Turkestan: The Heart of Asia by Curtis.

He taught at Euphrates College, Turkey ( 1897 – 1901 ); accompanied the Pumpelly ( 1903 ) and Barrett ( 1905 – 1906 ) expeditions to central Asia ; and wrote of his Asian experiences in Explorations in Turkestan ( 1905 ) and The Pulse of Asia ( 1907 ).

Several influential Russians would propose new terms for the territories, as in 1805 when the Russian explorer Timovski revived the use of " Turkestan " to refer to Middle Asia, and " East Turkestan " to refer to the Tarim Basin east of Middle Asia in southern Xinjiang ; or in 1829, when the Russian sinologist Nikita Bichurin proposed the use of " East Turkestan " to replace " Chinese Turkestan " for the Chinese territory east of Bukhara.

After a spate of annexations in Middle Asia, Russia consolidated its holdings west of the Pamir Mountains as the Turkestan Governate or " Russian Turkestan " in 1867.

This long valley, which lies between two mountain ranges — the Kuramin Range in the north and the Turkestan Range in the south, reaches its lowest elevation of at Khujand on the Syr Darya.

Mistaking its name for that of the entire region, they adopted the appellation of " Turkestan " for their new territory.

Known as Turan to Iranians, western Turkestan has also been known historically as Sogdiana, Ma wara ' u ' n-nahr ( by its Arab conquerors ), and Transoxiana by Western travellers.

However, even in nationalist writing, East Turkestan retained its older, more narrow geographical meaning.

Eventually, though, the Soviet Union exploited the change in power from Sheng to Kuomintang officials to create the puppet Second East Turkestan Republic ( 1944 – 1949 ) in present-day Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture to exploit its minerals, later justifying it as a national liberation movement against the " reactionary " Kuomintang regime.

Concurrently during the Cultural Revolution and the Revolution's campaigns against " local nationalism ", the government had come to associate the term East Turkestan with Uyghur separatism and " foreign hostile forces " and forbade its usage.

In 2001, the government of China lifted its ban on state media's using the terms " Uyghurstan " or " East Turkestan ", as part of a general opening up after the September 11 attacks to the world about political violence in Xinjiang and a plea for international help to suppress what they see as " East Turkestan terrorists ".

In Afghanistan, ETIM leaders met with Osama bin Ladin and other leaders of Al Qaeda, the Taliban, and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan to coordinate actions ; there the East Turkestan Islamic Movement dropped the " East " from its name as it increased its domain.

Influenced by imperial Russian and later the Soviet union's attempts to dominate and control territories outside its borders, especially in Central Asia and Turkestan, Hedin felt that Soviet Russia posed a great threat to the West, which may be part of the reason why he supported Germany during both World Wars.

Major violence in Russian Turkestan broke out in 1916, when the Tsarist government ended its exemption of Muslims from military service.

In 1867 Turkestan was made a separate Governor-Generalship, under its first Governor-General, Konstantin Petrovich Von Kaufman.

In its early years under Von Kaufman, Turkestan was thus also administratively isolated, with many distinctive institutions within the military bureaucracy, that was loosely superimposed on a largely unreformed native administration.

In 1867 the Governor-Generalship of Russian Turkestan was established under General Konstantin Petrovich Von Kaufman, with its headquarters at Tashkent.

The beautiful Zaamin National Park, formerly Guralash Preserve, on the western slopes of the Turkestan Range and known for its unique fauna and flora, is also within the province.