Under Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union was able to depose Karmal and replace him with Mohammad Najibullah.

Under Gorbachev, relatively young, reform-oriented technocrats, who had begun their careers in the heyday of " de − Stalinization " under Nikita Khrushchev ( 1958 – 1964 ), rapidly consolidated power within the CPSU, providing new momentum for political and economic liberalization, and the impetus for cultivating warmer relations and trade with the West.

Under Mikhail Gorbachev, glasnost and perestroika were intended to revive the Soviet Union.

Under Gorbachev, relatively young reform-oriented technocrats rapidly consolidated power, providing new momentum for political and economic liberalization, and the impetus for cultivating warmer relations and trade with the West.

Under perestroika, shortly before its collapse, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics under Mikhail Gorbachev implemented reforms to allow multiple candidates, all from the local Communist Party, to run against each other.

Under Mikhail Gorbachev the Soviet Peace Committee developed bilateral international contacts " in which the WPC not only played no role, but was a liability.

Under Yakov Segal's direction, it begins stirringly, as crouching Soviet and Nazi troops silently scan each other, waiting for the first surrender gesture.

Under the old Soviet central planning system, Armenia had developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools, textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics in exchange for raw materials and energy.

Under Soviet rule, both the villages were forced to disband and residents were moved to the Russian dominated Zaporozhye rural settlement in Ust-Bolsheretsky Raion.

Under Khrushchev the local party leadership in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) witnessed the largest turnover in provincial leaders since the Great Purge ; two out of three provincial leaders were replaced in 1953 alone.

Under this provision, cooperative restaurants, shops, and manufacturers became part of the Soviet scene.

Under this policy, Albania would develop its agricultural output in order to supply the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact nations while these nations would be developing specific resource outputs of their own, which would in theory strengthen the Warsaw Pact by greatly reducing the lack of certain resources that many of the nations faced.

Under this pact, Finland was obliged to resist armed attacks by " Germany or its allies " against Finland, or against the Soviet Union through Finland, and, if necessary, ask for Soviet military aid to do so.

Under his leadership, the German government sought to reduce tensions with the Soviet Union and improve relations with the German Democratic Republic, a policy known as the Ostpolitik.

* 1940 – The United States ' Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles issues a declaration on the U. S. non-recognition policy of the Soviet annexation and incorporation of three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

Under these circumstances, during much of the Siege of Leningrad ( 1941 – 1944 ), Lake Ladoga provided the only access to the besieged city because a section of the eastern shore remained in Soviet hands.

Under Nikolai Yezhov, the NKVD carried out the Great Purge: the imprisonment or execution of millions of people throughout the Soviet Union as alleged " enemies of the people ".

Under his editorship, Tribune opposed both the British government's Suez adventure and the Soviet crushing of the Hungarian Revolution in 1956.

Under US President Jimmy Carter, the West joined the Soviet Union and others in enacting sanctions against weapons trade and weapons-grade material to South Africa.

Under this provision, cooperative restaurants, shops, and manufacturers became part of the Soviet scene.

Under the terms of the Joint Venture Law, the Soviet partner supplied labor, infrastructure, and a potentially large domestic market.

Under Stalin's administration and the leadership of such commanders as Georgy Zhukov and Konstantin Rokossovsky, Soviet forces drove through Eastern Europe in 1944 – 45 and captured Berlin in May 1945.

Under the treaty, Russia became known as the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ).

Under Deng Xiaoping, the leadership of China embarked upon a programme of market-based reform that was more sweeping than had been Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika program of the late 1980s.

Under the constitution adopted in 1936 and modified along the way until October 1977, the political foundation of the Soviet Union was formed by the Soviets ( Councils ) of People's Deputies.

Under the Monnet Plan France attempted to gain economic control of the German industrial areas with large coal and mineral deposits that were not in Soviet hands: the Ruhr area and the Saar area.

Under orders from the Joint Chiefs of Staff, SAC was told its primary objective was bombing targets in order to damage or destroy Soviet ability to deliver nuclear weapons, its secondary objective was stopping Soviet advances into Western Europe, and its tertiary objective was the same as before, destroying Soviet industrial capacity.

Under Louis XIV France achieved military supremacy over its rivals, but escalating conflicts against increasingly powerful enemy coalitions checked French ambitions and left the kingdom bankrupt at the opening of the 18th century.

Under Mahathir bin Mohamad ’ s long Prime Ministership ( 1981 – 2003 ), Malaysia ’ s political culture became increasingly centralized and authoritarian, due to Mahathir's belief that the multiethnic Malaysia could only remain stable through controlled democracy.

In Britain, the Yardbirds, with Jeff Beck as their guitarist, increasingly moved into psychedelic territory, adding up-tempo improvised " rave ups ", Gregorian chant and world music ( in particular Indian ) influences to their songs, including " Still I'm Sad " ( 1965 ) and " Over Under Sideways Down " ( 1966 ), and singles such as " Heart Full of Soul " ( 1965 ), " Shapes of Things " ( 1966 ) and " Happenings Ten Years Time Ago " ( 1966 ).

Under Jacques Delors it became increasingly presidential in style and now is the dominant force in the Commission, although curbed by crises such as the resignation of the Santer Commission.

Under Harris The Spectator became increasingly outspoken on developing international politics in the 1930s, in particular on the rise of fascism.

Under the latter, increasingly prevalent arrangement, the family farm owns its land and " sells " its output, but retains no real decision making control over the essential farming activities, like crop selection, equipment purchase, production methods, sales channels, and buyers.

Under the premierships of Winston Churchill, Anthony Eden and Harold Macmillan he was appointed to a series of increasingly senior posts, including Leader of the House of Lords and Foreign Secretary.

Under the new conditions, this became increasingly impossible, and they were forced to seek their fortunes abroad in the French wars, or at home as hangers-on of the great nobles.

Under the Song Dynasty, the unprecedented development of large estates, whose owners managed to evade paying their share of taxes, resulted in an increasingly heavy burden of taxation on the peasantry.

Under its Nabatean dynasties, Osroëne became increasingly influenced by Aramaic culture and was a centre of national reaction against Hellenism.

Under Frontenac's leadership, the Canadian militia became increasingly adept at guerrilla warfare and took the war into Iroquois territory and attacked a number of English settlements.

Under pressure from the Sassanid Emperor, the Church of the East sought increasingly to distance itself from the western ( Roman Empire ) Catholic Church.

Under the watch of Hall Of Famer Les Harrison, the team grew in talent, hosted increasingly better competition, and became a greater local treasure as years went by.

Under a sustained chemical attack, the surviving bacteria in successive generations are increasingly resistant to the chemical used, and ultimately the chemical is rendered ineffective.

Under increasingly heavy fire, the battalion halted its advance.

Under the influence of French language usage, speakers in Mali have increasingly been adopting it as an ethnic self-designation ; however, other Songhay-speaking groups identify themselves with other ethnic terms, such as Zarma ( Djerma ) or Isawaghen.

Under the guidance of producer Terry Melcher, the group relocated to Los Angeles and increasingly emulated the sounds of British Invasion bands such as The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Dave Clark Five, and The Animals, albeit with an American, R & B feel.

Under reverse bias filled states on the p-side become increasingly aligned with empty states on the n-side and electrons now tunnel through the pn junction barrier in reverse direction.

Under Ignatz Bubis, the Zentralrat assumed a much greater profile in German public life, and the Jewish community's leadership felt increasingly confident weighing in on public debates concerning Holocaust memory and German identity.

Under the direction of D ' Amato ( who had first cast her as maid for his erotic comedy Vow of Chastity ( 1976 )), Gemser continued the series with a total of five sequels ( Emanuelle in Bangkok ( 1976 ), Emanuelle in America ( 1977 ), Emanuelle Around the World ( 1977 ), Emanuelle and the Last Cannibals ( 1977 ), and Emanuelle and the White Slave Trade ( 1978 )) which grew increasingly violent and included scenes of gang rape, zoophilia, cannibalism, and fake snuff film footage.

Under Li's suggestion, however, Fu Jiān increasingly entrusted greater and greater responsibility to Wang, and Wang handled the responsibility capably.

Under Lemmons, however, the paper took an increasingly pro-institutional position.

Under the first Palaiologan emperor, Michael VIII, the army's role took an increasingly offensive role whilst the naval forces of the Empire, weakened since the days of Andronikos I Komnenos, were boosted to include thousands of skilled sailors and some 80 ships.

Under the circumstances, increasingly specific rumors of the plot reached the Cardinal of Lorraine well ahead of time.