Under its 1990 constitution, Croatia operated a semi-presidential system until 2000 when it switched to a parliamentary system.

Under parliamentary systems the executive authority is exercised by the head of state, but in practice is done so on the advice of the cabinet of ministers.

:: Example 2 ( parliamentary absentee monarchy ): Under Chapter II, Section 61 of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900:

Under its 1964 constitution, Malta became a parliamentary democracy within the Commonwealth.

Under the 1999 Constitution he is allowed to do once every two years, but he must call parliamentary elections with three months.

Under a parliamentary system it is more likely to produce single party governments than are PR systems, which tend to produce coalition governments.

Under the 1992 constitution, there are two parliamentary bodies, a unicameral People's Council or Halk Maslahaty ( supreme legislative body of up to 2, 500 delegates, some of whom are elected by popular vote and some of whom are appointed ; meets at least yearly ) and a unicameral Assembly or Mejlis ( 50 seats, scheduled to be increased to 65, whose members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms ).

Under the terms of the coalition agreement the government committed itself to hold a referendum in May 2011 on whether to change parliamentary elections from first-past-the-post to AV.

Under a parliamentary ruling in favour of free trade, these private newcomers are able to set up a new company, called the New Company or English Company.

Under the Commonwealth, having submitted to the parliamentary visitors, he retained his university appointments, and was appointed by Oliver Cromwell to a special commission of oyer and terminer ( consisting of three judges, three civilians, and three laymen, for the trial of Don Pantaleone Sa, the brother of the Portuguese ambassador, for murder committed in a brawl ).

Under Prime Minister David Lloyd George, however, from 1918 onwards, the powers of the office increased, as Lloyd George unilaterally claimed for himself powers that had previously belonged to the Cabinet collectively, including, most dramatically, the right to seek a parliamentary dissolution.

Under pressure from the Revolutions of 1848 in surrounding countries, King William II accepted the introduction of full ministerial responsibility in the constitution, leading to a system of parliamentary democracy, with the House of Representatives directly elected by the voters within a system of single-winner electoral districts.

Under pressure of internal opposition, led by former PSP members and the party's youth organisation DWARS, the parliamentary party changed its position: the attacks should be cancelled.

Under the anti-Catholic Penal Laws, Roman Catholics, though the overwhelming majority in Ireland, were harshly discriminated against, barred from holding property rights or from voting in parliamentary elections until 1793.

Under the Reform Act 1832, West Bromwich became part of the new southern division of Staffordshire, and under the Reform Act 1867 it was transferred to the parliamentary borough of Wednesbury.

Under the Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885, the borough of West Bromwich became a parliamentary borough returning one member.

Under Davíð Oddsson ’ s leadership, in the parliamentary elections of 1991, the Independence Party regained most of the support it had lost in 1987 when it had been severely weakened because of a split in its ranks.

Under parliamentary rules any gift to MPs over the value of $ 500 must be relinquished.

Under Finland's parliamentary system the prime minister can ask the president to dissolve parliament at any time during its 4-year term, which would result in " early " elections.

Under the Acts of Union of 1707 many became parliamentary burghs, represented in the Parliament of Great Britain.

Under the Reform Acts of 1832, 32 years after the merger of the Parliament of Great Britain into the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the boundaries of burghs for parliamentary elections ceased to be necessarily their boundaries for other purposes.

Under Mitchell's leadership, the party won all 15 seats in the early election held in January 1999, and the NNP narrowly won a third term in power in the November 2003 election, reduced to a one seat parliamentary majority.

Under this parliamentary system, the president has limited ruling powers, and performed ceremonial duties while the Prime minister enjoys more powers to execute decisions and operations.

Under parliamentary conditions that were exceedingly unfavourable, and in an atmosphere charged with corruption, venality and subserviency, he had created a party before which ministers had begun to quail, and had inoculated the Protestant constituencies with a genuine spirit of liberty and self-reliance.

Under the Articles, the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national government.

Under its terms the Emperor of Japan is " the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people " and exercises a purely ceremonial role without the possession of sovereignty.

Under Elizabeth, the nation gained a new self-confidence and sense of sovereignty, as Christendom fragmented.

* 1920 – Under the terms of the Svalbard Treaty, international diplomacy recognizes Norwegian sovereignty over Arctic archipelago Svalbard, and designates it as demilitarized.

Under United Nations ( UN ) Security Council Resolution 687, after the restoration of Kuwaiti sovereignty in 1991, a UN commission undertook formal demarcation of the borders on the basis of those agreed to in 1963.

* 1984 – Under the Brussels Agreement signed between the governments of the United Kingdom and Spain, the former agreed to enter into discussions with Spain over Gibraltar, including sovereignty.

Under the latter's weak rule the island suffered considerably from the inroads of various adventurers ; hence in 1386 it placed itself under the protection of Venice, which in 1401 acquired formal sovereignty over Corfu and kept it until the French Occupation in 1797.

Under the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, Austria-Hungary received the mandate to occupy and administer the Ottoman Vilayet of Bosnia while the Ottoman Empire retained official sovereignty.

Under its terms the Emperor of Japan is " the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people " and exercises a purely ceremonial role without the possession of sovereignty.

Under the Carolingian dynasty, the chief duty of the Neustrian king was to defend the sovereignty of the Franks over the Bretons.

Under the conservative government, the Canton joined the Sonderbund ( separate alliance in German ) in 1845 to protect cantonal sovereignty and the Catholic religion.

Under the concept of national sovereignty, the nation is superior to the individuals of which it is composed.

Under national sovereignty, the vote is not an individual right, but a means to the end of determining the national will.

Under the Constitution of the Roman Republic, the people ( and thus the assemblies ) held the ultimate source of sovereignty.

Under Pius IX, the Church set itself against all the new theories of popular sovereignty and rights of citizens, which, having been fringe ideas on the left at the time of the French Revolution of 1789, had now gained widespread acceptance among moderate opinion.

Under this treaty, the canal would have been in the middle of a 20-mile zone, under American management but Colombian sovereignty, and the canal would revert to Colombia in 99 years.

Under the auspices of the one country, two systems policy after 1997, when sovereignty of the former British crown colony was transferred to the People's Republic of China, the territory has continued to be common law jurisdiction, and English legal traditions have been preserved.

Under the 1898 Treaty of Paris, Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba, with the island to be occupied by the United States.

Under the 1959 Antarctic Treaty, the Islands ' sovereignty is neither recognized nor disputed by the signatories and they are open to any signatory for non-military use.

Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, Parliament ( consisting of the Sovereign ( King-in-Parliament ), House of Lords and House of Commons ) was the supreme lawmaking authority.

Under strong objections from the pro-business sector such as the Liberal Party, the laws were abolished by the Provisional Legislative Council shortly after the transfer of sovereignty.

Under Chinese sovereignty claim, West Kameng falls under the jurisdiction of Cuona County of Shannan Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region.

Under that doctrine, the king, and by extension his entire government, held unlimited sovereignty over its subjects.

Under articles I, II, IV, VI and VII of the treaty ’ s terms, Russia ’ s empress became the official and sole suzerain of Kartli-Kakheti ’ s rulers, guaranteeing the Georgians ’ internal sovereignty and territorial integrity, and promising to " regard their enemies as Her enemies "