Underconsumption theory narrowly refers to heterodox economists in Britain in the 19th century, particularly 1815 onwards, who advanced the theory of underconsumption and rejected classical economics in the form of Ricardian economics.

In his book Underconsumption Theories ( International Publishers, 1976 ) Michael Bleaney defined two main elements of classical ( pre-Keynesian ) underconsumption theory.

Notes on Mercantilism, The Usury Laws, Stamped Money and Theories of Under-Consumption, section VII Underconsumption was a small part of mercantilist theory, in Heckscher's view, but was discussed by a number of authors.

Underconsumption is an old concept in economics, going back to the 1598 French mercantilist text Les Trésors et richesses pour mettre l ' Estat en Splendeur ( The Treasures and riches to put the State in Splendor ) by Barthélemy de Laffemas, if not earlier.

Underconsumption was criticized by Adam Smith, who wrote " What is prudence in the conduct of every private family can scarce be folly in that of a great Kingdom ," and on grounds of Christian morality, as discussed in Keynes, The General Theory, Chapter 23.

( See " Underconsumption " for this theory's role in business cycle analysis.

Critics of this theory regard it as simplistic, arguing that ( unlike New Zealand and America ) there is little direct evidence of hunting, and that the dates on which the theory rests are too uncertain to be relied on.

The most recent theory is that the vase in fact dates back to circa 32BC, and was commissioned by Octavian ( later Caesar Augustus ), as an attempt to promote his case against the two other consuls, Mark Anthony and Marcus Lepidus.

Babylonian astronomers before Kidinnu's time apparently already knew the Saros cycle ( old eclipse observations were collected in tables organised according to the Saros cycle since the late 5th century BC ) and the Metonic cycle ( the dates of the lunar calendar in the Saros tables follow a regular 19-year pattern of embolismic months at least since 498 BC ); both cycles are also used in System B. Schnabel computed specific years ( first 314 BC and later 379 BC ) for the origin of the System B lunar theory, but Franz Xaver Kugler and Otto E. Neugebauer later disproved Schnabel's calculations.

A more classical-liberal approach that dates from the 1970s that denotes ' public-choice ' theory type approaches which question the benevolence of social planners to maximize the utility of a representative individual and instead stress how political forces affect the choice of policies that may not be so benevolent.

This theory, which dates from 1934, introduces the idea that the photon is equivalent to the fusion of two Dirac neutrinos.

The mathematical theory behind the Tomographic reconstruction dates back to 1917 where the invention of Radon Transform by an Austrian mathematician Johann Radon.

This theory has, however, been deprecated, as the dates of these displacements do not match the increases and decreases in plague outbreaks.

This theory has, however, been deprecated, as the dates of these displacements do not match the increases and decreases in plague outbreaks.

Modern advocates often take inspiration from the way time is modeled as a dimension in the theory of relativity, giving time a similar ontology to that of space ( although the basic idea dates back at least to McTaggart's B-Theory of time, first published in The Unreality of Time in 1908, only three years after the first paper on relativity ).

R. L. Poole ( Studies in Chronology and History, 1934 ) put forward the theory that Bede began his year in September, and consequently November 655 would actually fall in 654 ; Frank Stenton also dated events accordingly in his Anglo-Saxon England ( 1943 ).< sup > 1 </ sup > Others have accepted Bede's given dates as meaning what they appear to mean, considering Bede's year to have begun on 25 December or 1 January ( see S. Wood, 1983: " Bede's Northumbrian dates again "

: Chapter 1 – Austin intends to debunk a theory of sense perception that dates back thousands of years ( to Heraclitus ) and picks recent expressions of it by Ayer, H. H. Price, and Warnock, because they express it fairly clearly.

The first written evidence of Rythmomachia dates back to around 1030, when a monk, named Asilo, created a game that illustrated the number theory of Boëthius ' De institutione arithmetica, for the students of monastery schools.

This theory was believed by Winston Churchill, who wrote in 1920: " This movement conspiracy against civilization dates from the days of Weishaupt ... as a modern historian Mrs. Webster has so ably shown, it played a recognisable role on the French Revolution.

This theory dates back to the Judeo-Christian tradition, as described in the Babylonian Talmud, which states that " the descendants of Ham are cursed by being black, and depicts Ham as a sinful man and his progeny as degenerates.

The most recent and comprehensive study of Ancient Egyptian chronology affirms the theory that Sheshonq I came to power in 943 BC rather than 945 BC as is conventionally assumed based on epigraphic evidence from the Great Dakhla stela, which dates to Year 5 of his reign.

This was initially explained by Galileo Galilei via the theory of horror vacui (" nature abhors a vacuum "), which dates to Aristotle, and which Galileo restated as resintenza del vacuo, but this was subsequently disproved by later workers, notably Evangelista Torricelli and Blaise Pascal – see barometer: history.

To 1895 dates his manuscript " On theory of assigning prizes in tournaments ".

The theory in its modern form was written down in 1991, although the basic idea dates back earlier.

:" Scholars generally agree that realignment theory identifies five distinct party systems with the following approximate dates and major parties: 1.

The theory of fair division dates back only to the end of the second world war.

A theory proposed by Andrey Tchepalyga of the Russian Academy of Sciences dates the flooding of the Black Sea basin to an earlier time and from a different cause.

Accordingly, it is the aim of this essay to advance a new theory of imitation ( which I shall call mimesis in order to distinguish it from earlier theories of imitation ) and a new theory of invention ( which I shall call symbol for reasons to be stated hereafter ).

Perhaps one way to sharpen our sense of the modernity of Utopian communism is to contrast it with the principal earlier types of communistic theory.

Much of the current work in cosmology includes understanding how galaxies form in the context of the Big Bang, understanding the physics of the Universe at earlier and earlier times, and reconciling observations with the basic theory.

In 1915, Albert Einstein developed his theory of general relativity, having earlier shown that gravity does influence light's motion.

In this paper, elaborating on the works of Lewis, and the valence bond theory ( VB ) of Heitler and London, and his own earlier works, Pauling presented six rules for the shared electron bond, the first three of which were already generally known:

Abstracts of many earlier developments in ab initio theory have been published by Schaefer.

Conservative Judaism is comfortable with higher criticism, including the documentary hypothesis, the theory that the Torah was redacted from several earlier sources.

In theory, this is due to an earlier expression of aggression, and the fact that coyotes reach their full growth in their first year, unlike wolves, which reach it in their second.

Elements of control theory had appeared earlier but not as dramatically and convincingly as in Maxwell's analysis.

The 20th century saw a remarkable expansion and evolution of critical theory, following on earlier Marxist Theory efforts to locate individuals within larger structural frameworks of ideology and action.

Haeckel advanced a version of the earlier " recapitulation theory ", previously set out by Étienne Serres in the 1820s and supported by followers of Geoffroy including Robert Edmond Grant, which proposed a link between ontogeny ( development of form ) and phylogeny ( evolutionary descent ), summed up by Haeckel in the phrase " ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny ".

) His theory differs from the earlier atomism of Democritus because he admits that atoms do not always follow straight lines but their direction of motion may occasionally exhibit a ' swerve ' ( clinamen ).

It supplanted an earlier popular theory involving Francis Bacon.

The well-known historian of physics, C. P. Snow, says about him, " If Fermi had been born a few years earlier, one could well imagine him discovering Rutherford's atomic nucleus, and then developing Bohr's theory of the hydrogen atom.

In its earlier, neo-behavioral incarnation called social learning theory, Bandura emphasized the process of observational learning in which a learner's behavior changes as a result of observing others ' behavior and its consequences.

Hubble supported the Doppler shift interpretation of the observed redshift that had been proposed earlier by Vesto Slipher, and that led to the theory of the metric expansion of space.

Historically they were sometimes called Feynman-Dyson diagrams or Dyson graphs, because when they were introduced the path integral was unfamiliar, and Freeman Dyson's derivation from old-fashioned perturbation theory was easier to follow for physicists trained in earlier methods.

Therefore, a pair of words whose earlier forms are distinct, yet similar, as far back as they have been traced, could in theory have come from a common root in an even earlier language, making them real cognates.

For him, the fact that his theory gave a straightforward explanation of the anomalous perihelion shift of the planet Mercury, discovered earlier by Urbain Le Verrier in 1859, was important evidence that he had at last identified the correct form of the gravitational field equations.

According to a popular theory, Shakespeare's main source is believed to be an earlier play — now lost — known today as the Ur-Hamlet.

Some scholars assert that the Sheol mentioned in Isaiah 38: 18, Psalm 6: 5 and Job 7: 7-10 was an earlier concept than Heaven, but this theory is not universally held.

Barber, Spanos, & Chaves ( 1974 ) proposed a nonstate " cognitive-behavioural " theory of hypnosis, similar in some respects to Sarbin's social role-taking theory and building upon the earlier research of Barber.