Until the 1936 Soviet Constitution officially declared the Party "... the vanguard of the working people ", thus legitimizing Stalin's leadership, Stalin ruled the USSR as the de facto dictator.

Until the reorganization begun by Nikolai Yezhov with a purge of the regional political police in the autumn of 1936 and formalized by a May 1939 directive of the All-Union NKVD by which all appointments to the local political police were controlled from the center, there was frequent tension between centralized control of local units and the collusion of those units with local and regional party elements, frequently resulting in the thwarting of Moscow's plans.

Until recently the country's oil industry was fully controlled by the state company YPFB, established in 1936 with the mission to develop, refine and distribute oil resources.

Until the early 1930s, Boyer mainly continued making French films, and Mayerling co-starring Danielle Darrieux in 1936 made him an international star.

Until 1936, Gloversville had a very active electric interurban line, the Fonda, Johnstown and Gloversville Railroad.

Until 1936, Taylor was an opponent of British rearmament as he felt that a re-armed Britain would ally itself with Germany against the Soviet Union.

Until 1936 the water was pumped into the feeder by a beam engine, whose engine house can still be seen.

Until 1936 Verney Junction railway station was the northern outpost of the Metropolitan Railway from Baker Street.

Until the discovery of the foundation stela in 1936, it had been assumed that the extreme decoration indicated a later date than was in fact the case.

Until 1936, Williams had never broken 49 seconds for the 440 yd ( 402 m ).

Until 1936 it was held on the actual birthday of the Monarch, but after the death of George V it was decided to keep the date on the second Monday in June.

Until February 1936, seasons of opera were presented until fire then destroyed all but the facade of the Teatro Reggio.

Until 1936 the Free State Oireachtas also included an upper house known as the Seanad.

Until October 9, 1936, INO was operated inside the GUGB organization as a one of its departments.

Until late 1936, the People's Militsiya and Internal Troops of the NKVD had no personal ranks, much akin to the Red Army, Red Navy, and OGPU, and used position-ranks.

Until 1936, M-22's route was on Cherry Bend and Center roads in Leelanau County to Suttons Bay.

Until 1936, the Swiss franc was the only remaining major freely convertible currency in the world, and both the Allies and the Germans sold large amounts of gold to the Swiss National Bank.

Until 1939 Horten acquired several other department stores and enjoyed a good relationship with the Nazi government despite the fact that his grandfather, the ( later ) Catholic saint Titus Maria Horten died in custody in 1936.

Until 1936, the monarch exercised a number of important duties, including appointing the Executive Council ( cabinet ), dissolving the legislature and promulgating laws.

Until 1936, he served as rural doctor and later in Beilinson Hospital.

Until WOWO's purchase by Westinghouse Broadcasting in 1936, Zieg managed the advertising sales of both WOWO and WGL through WOWO-WGL Sales Service, Inc.

Until 1936, Münzenberg remained loyal to Joseph Stalin and to the aims of Soviet foreign policy.

Until 1936, the of land occupied east to west by the Bridgend Industrial Estate, Brackla and the Brackla Industrial Estate was farmland.

Until 1936, Old Bethpage was known as Bethpage.

Until 1581 the history of Belgium ( except the Bishopric of Liège ), the grand duchy of Luxembourg and the country the Netherlands is the same: they formed the country / region of the Netherlands or the Low Countries.

Until the 16th century, the Low Countries – roughly now corresponding to Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties and bishoprics, most of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire.

Until the mid-20th century, Belgian writers more often wrote in French even if they were Flemish, due both to the then-dominant position of that language in worldwide culture and its dominant position within Belgium itself ( e. g. Suzanne Lilar, Emile Verhaeren or Maurice Maeterlinck ), and many French-speaking individuals come from originally Dutch-speaking families ( particularly in Brussels, e. g. Jacques Brel ).

Until 2007 Belgium had laws prohibiting bundling, but they were challenged as violating European Directive 2005 / 29 / EC The Unfair Commercial Practices Directive.

Until the beginning of the 20th century, most residents of what is now Wallonia, the French-speaking part Belgium south of the country, spoke Walloon.

Until the outbreak of World War I in 1914 Khnopff would be responsible for the rubric " Studio-Talks-Brussels " in which he reported about the artistic evolutions in Belgium and continental Europe.

Until the autonomy of Belgium in 1830 the defence of Antwerp consisted of the Spanish city walls near the current De Leien ( Italiëlei, Frankrijklei, Britselei, Amerikalei ) bounded on the south by the Zuidkasteel ( just north of the current Palace of Justice ) and bounded on the north side by the Noorderfort, around the area of the current Kattendijkdok.

Until the mid-19th century ( from 1830 ) the defence of Belgium consisted of twenty fortified cities ( called Wellington Barrier ), which were to form a defence against France.

* Until 1678, the city belonged to the Spanish Netherlands ( now called Belgium ).

Until the 1970s, prostitutes in the Netherlands were predominantly white lower-class women from the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Northern Germany.

Until World War II such uniforms were worn by even junior embassy staff but now survive only for ambassadors in a few long-established diplomatic services such as those of Britain, France, Belgium and Spain.

Until November 1914 they were part of the German assault on France and then Belgium, where Wilhelm's sister-in-law was queen.

Until that time, the Dutch government holds the parts it bought, Fortis Bank is the property of the Belgium government, while Fortis Insurance Belgium remains with Fortis Group ( together with Fortis Insurance International ).

Until World War II it was a major team in Belgian football, establishing a well-known record in Belgium in the years 1933 to 1935 ( they played 60 consecutive games without losing ).

Until recently, androids have largely remained within the domain of science fiction, frequently seen in film and television.

Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock.

Until Henry's time, Cape Bojador remained the most southerly point known to Europeans on the unpromising desert coast of Africa, although the Periplus of the Carthaginian Hanno the Navigator described a journey farther south about 2, 000 years earlier.

Until 2000, KornShell remained AT & T ′ s proprietary software.

Until 1945, however, the labour movement remained weak, impeded by lack of legal rights, anti-union legislation, management-organized factory councils, and political divisions between “ cooperative ” and radical unionists.

Until the Renaissance, navigational technology remained comparatively primitive.

Until 1948 it remained owned by Munn & Company.

Until after Wilde's death his name remained disgraced and few discussed, let alone performed, his work.

Until its final dissolution in 1806 the House of Habsburg remained the ruling dynasty.

Until 1060 the kings of Uppsala ruled most of modern Sweden except the southern and western coastal regions, which remained under Danish rule until the 17th century.

Until the 1224 AD / CE, however, there remained a strong Muslim segment of society.

Until the 10th century, Coptic remained the spoken language of the native population outside the capital.

Until 1998, the leadership of Aryan Nations remained firmly in the hands of Richard Girnt Butler.

Until the mid 1990s, Yangon remained largely constrained to its traditional peninsula setting between the Bago, Yangon and Hlaing rivers.

Until 1848 he remained on friendly terms with the German communists, occasionally calling himself a communist and writing articles on communism in the Schweitzerische Republikaner.

Until the 20th century he remained the major inspiration for such classically oriented artists as Jacques-Louis David, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres and Paul Cézanne.

Until recently, cassettes remained the dominant medium for purchasing and listening to music in some developing countries.

Until the English army came into view the invaders remained unaware of the presence of a hostile army anywhere in the vicinity.

Until 1985, when the first of twenty-four Saab 35 Draken were delivered, the country had remained essentially without the capacity to contest violations of its airspace.

Until 1461, Donatello remained in Siena, where he created a St. John the Baptist, also for the Duomo, and models for its gates, now lost.

Until the era of the Byzantine Empire, the interior of the enclosure remained exposed to the sky.

Until after the defeat of Cannae it remained faithful to Rome, but, after a vain demand that one of the consuls should always be selected from it or perhaps in order to secure regional supremacy in the event of a Carthaginian victory, it defected to Hannibal, who made it his winter quarters: he and his army were voluntarily received by Capua.

Until the late nineteenth century many Alpine valleys remained mainly shaped by agrarian and pastoral activities.

Until the early modern period, the two remained separate cities: Clermont, an episcopal city ; Montferrand, a comital one.