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Until the early modern period, the two remained separate cities: Clermont, an episcopal city ; Montferrand, a comital one.
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Until and early
Until this point Austria and Switzerland had been the traditional and more popular destinations for winter sports, but by the end of the 20th century and into the early 21st century, France, Italy and the Tyrol began so see increases in winter visitors.
Until the early 20th century, unsure of the site of Palaepharsalos, scholars followed Arrian ( 2. 75 ) and located the battle south of the Enipeus or close to Pharsalos ( today's Pharsala ).
Until the early 1950s Budweiser was primarily distributed in three packages: kegs, 12-ounce bottles and quart bottles.
Until the early seventeenth century the Bandas were ruled by a group of leading citizens, the orang kaya ( literally ' rich men '), each of these was a head of district.
Until the early 1980s, they were known as video display terminals and were physically attached to the computer and keyboard.
Until the early 18th century granite could only be carved by hand tools with generally poor results.
Until the early part of the twentieth century, the highlands economy consisted primarily of mining and livestock
Until the early 20th century it relied primarily on representational, religious and classical motifs, after which time more purely abstract and conceptual approaches gained favor.
Until the very early twentieth century, men living in the southern Appalachians would drive their pigs to market in the flatlands below each Autumn, fattening up their stock on chestnuts and fallen mast, much as their Scottish forebears did for centuries.
Until the early twentieth century, Hangul was denigrated as vulgar by the literate elite who preferred the traditional hanja writing system.
Until the 13th century, icons followed a broadly similar pattern in West and East-although very few survive from this early from either tradition.
Until the early 19th century Africans were captured, kidnapped, and forced into slavery to work on plantations when sugarcane became the most important export of the island.
Until 2004 ( in 2005 – 2007 the Jaguars went back to wearing white at home for early season games ) and then 2008, the Jaguars would always wear their white jerseys for afternoon games at home during the first half of the season.
Until the early 1990s, the Chilean wine industry mistakenly sold a large quantity of wine made from the Carmenere grape as Merlot.
Until the early 20th century, formal writing and even much poetry and fiction was done in Literary Chinese, which was modelled on the classics of the Warring States period and Han Dynasty.
Until the early 1970s there was large apiary which was well known in the region and has lived on in the Scottish country dance " The Bees of Maggieknockater ".
Until the Quiet Revolution of the early 1960s, Tremblay saw Quebec as a poor, working-class province dominated by an English-speaking elite and the Roman Catholic Church.
Until the early 20th century, these tribes had little contact with the Nama, Damara, and Herero, who settled around the central part of the country vying for control of sparse pastureland.
Until the early 20th century, scientists assumed that the majority of synaptic communication in the brain was electrical.
Until the early 20th century, it was hunted for its fur, but it is now protected throughout its range.
Until the early 1990s, the PLA Navy performed a subordinate role to the PLA Ground Force.
Until it closed in early 2011, a McDonald's in Edina, Minnesota claimed on its receipts to be the " World's Only Pneumatic Air Drive-Thru ," sending food from their strip-mall location to a drive-through in the middle of a parking lot.
Until the early 17th century large outline images of the giants Gog and Magog ( or Goemagot and Corineus ) had for a long time been cut into the turf of the Hoe exposing the white limestone beneath.
Until the early 20th century rifles tended to be very long ; an 1890 Martini-Henry was almost 2 m ( 6 ft ) in length with a fixed bayonet.
Until the late 19th or early 20th century, those who pursued science were called " natural philosophers " or " men of science ".
Until and modern
Until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences, but in modern usage the fine arts, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, are distinguished from acquired skills in general, and the decorative or applied arts.
Until modern times there was no clear distinction between the architect and engineer.
Until modern times, precious metals such as gold or silver typically were used to retain the commodity nature of the store of value function of money.
Until his death in 1848, Muhammad Ali Pasha instituted a number of social and economic reforms that earned him the title of founder of modern Egypt.
Until modern times, nitrogen fixation was the major source of nitrogen for ecosystems.
Until 1902, a possible enclave of Dorset people or Sadlermiut ( in modern Inuktitut spelling Sallirmiut ) existed on Southampton Island.
Until the modern era lullabies were usually only recorded incidentally in written sources.
Until the late eighteenth century, the principal towns were on the east coast — Al Huwayla, Fuwayrit, and Al Bida — and the modern city of Doha developed around the largest of these, Al Bida.
Until modern times, the form of government for almost all states was monarchy.
Until the construction boom of the late 1970s, relatively few modern buildings had been constructed.
Until 1060 the kings of Uppsala ruled most of modern Sweden except the southern and western coastal regions, which remained under Danish rule until the 17th century.
Until 1990, Albania was one of the world's most isolated and controlled countries, and installation and maintenance of a modern system of international and domestic telecommunications was precluded.
Until the 17th century, the Ruthenian language, the predecessor of modern Belarusian, was used in Grand Duchy as a chancery language, that is the language used for official documents.
Until the advent of light weight modern sailcloth and modern sail handling systems, the larger sails of a sloop were somewhat of a disadvantage.
Until the 18th Century, prisoners were housed in the towers of the medieval and early modern fortifications store.
Until the modern era, smoking was of a more " heavy duty " nature as the main goal was to preserve the food.
Until modern times, cloves grew only on a few islands in the Maluku Islands ( historically called the Spice Islands ), including Bacan, Makian, Moti, Ternate, and Tidore.
Until Kenyan independence in 1963, the fastest and most modern ferry,, was designated a Royal Mail Ship.
Until 1863, the Spartans simply visited loved ones in the military and delivered the equivalent of modern day care packages.
Until 1975 it formed part of the county of Renfrewshire for local government purposes along with the modern council areas of Renfrewshire and Inverclyde.
Until 2003, Tate Liverpool was the largest gallery of modern and contemporary art in the UK outside of London.
Until 1878 Bulgarian was influenced lexically by medieval and modern Greek, and to a much lesser extent, by Turkish.
Until 1980 secondary modern education was provided by schools in the town itself ; and grammar school education by Hyde Grammar School.
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