Until the dissolution of Holy Roman Empire and mediatization of smaller imperial fiefs by Napoleon, the evangelical Abbess of Quedlinburg was also per officio the head of that reichsunmittelbar state.

Until then much of the Roman world outside of Italy supported Pompey and his allies due to the extensive list of clients he held in all corners of the Republic.

Until that time, Pliny's work Historia Naturalis was the main source of information on metals and mining techniques, and Agricola made numerous references to the Roman encyclopedia.

Until the Quiet Revolution of the early 1960s, Tremblay saw Quebec as a poor, working-class province dominated by an English-speaking elite and the Roman Catholic Church.

Until the time of the Avignon Papacy, the residence of the Pope was the Lateran Palace, donated by the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great.

Until recently, there still existed hereditary officers of the Roman Curia, holding titles denominating functions that had ceased to be a reality when the Papal States were lost to the papacy.

Until the early 20th century, the chief ancient buildings at Sparta were the theatre, of which, however, little showed above ground except portions of the retaining walls ; the so-called Tomb of Leonidas, a quadrangular building, perhaps a temple, constructed of immense blocks of stone and containing two chambers ; the foundation of an ancient bridge over the Eurotas ; the ruins of a circular structure ; some remains of late Roman fortifications ; several brick buildings and mosaic pavements.

Until recently the grape was rumoured to have ancient origins, perhaps even being the Biturica grape used to make ancient Roman wine and referenced by Pliny the Elder.

Until 1960, another feast day which appeared in the General Roman Calendar is that of " St John Before the Latin Gate " on May 6, celebrating a tradition recounted by Jerome that St John was brought to Rome during the reign of the Emperor Domitian, and was thrown in a vat of boiling oil, from which he was miraculously preserved unharmed.

Until 1960, another feast day which appeared in the General Roman Calendar is that of " St John Before the Latin Gate " on May 6, celebrating a tradition recounted by Jerome that St John was brought to Rome during the reign of the Emperor Domitian, and was thrown in a vat of boiling oil, from which he was miraculously preserved unharmed.

Until 1857 Poitiers contained the ruins of a vast Roman amphitheatre larger than that of Nîmes.

Until the Roman conquest of Britain, the area that would become known as Glamorgan was part of the territory of the Silures – a Celtic British tribe that flourished in the Iron Age – whose territory also included the areas that would become known as Breconshire and Monmouthshire.

Until the 16th century, the Low Countries – roughly now corresponding to Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties and bishoprics, most of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire.

Until 400AD the Roman occupation of Britain saw many fluctuations in importance.

Until 1787, the złoty was tied to the Conventionsthaler of the Holy Roman Empire, with 8 złoty equal to one Conventionsthaler and, consequently, 4 groschen equal to the złoty.

Until this time, the standard requirements to become a Roman soldier were very strict.

Until the 20th century, Bukhara was also home to the Bukharan Jews, whose ancestors settled in the city during Roman times.

Until that time the identification with antiquity had been seen as a continuous history of Christendom from the conversion of Roman Emperor Constantine I.

Until 1960, the Tridentine form of the Roman Missal laid down that a candle should be placed at the Epistle side of the altar and that it should be lit at the showing of the consecrated sacrament to the people.

Until 2011, Our Lady's Roman Catholic Primary was located on Windsor Garth.

Until that time, they had celebrated the holiday according to Roman custom ( more Romano ).

Until 963 the Lusatian tribes were subdued by the Saxon margrave Gero and upon his death two years later, the March of Lusatia was established on the territory of today's Lower Lusatia and remained with the Holy Roman Empire, while the adjacent Northern March again got lost in the Slavic uprising of 983.

Until the adoption of Christianity by Constantine Christian art derived its style and much of its iconography from popular Roman art, but from this point grand Christian buildings built under imperial patronage brought a need for Christian versions of Roman elite and official art, of which mosaics in churches in Rome are the most prominent surviving examples.

" Until the first blow fell, no one was convinced that Penn Station really would be demolished, or that New York would permit this monumental act of vandalism against one of the largest and finest landmarks of its age of Roman elegance.

Until the early 20th century, Greeks were uniformly distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, Pontus, Egypt, Cyprus and Constantinople ; many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of the ancient Greek colonization.

Until then, both sides of the pass had been within the Habsburg-ruled Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Until the beginning of the 20th century it was the largest German speaking city in the world, and before the first world war and the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire the city had 2 million inhabitants.

Until the 3rd century AD, it kept its position as the most important city in the newly formed Aemilia province, but the fall of the Empire brought Mutina down with it, as it was used as a military base both against the barbarians and in the civil wars.

Until the era of the Byzantine Empire, the interior of the enclosure remained exposed to the sky.

Until then, the names " Nippon " ( 日本 ; Japan ), " Dai-Nippon " ( 大日本 ; Greater Japan ), " Dai-Nippon /- Nihon Koku " ( 日本國 ; literally State of Japan ), " Nihon Teikoku " ( 日本帝國 ; Empire of Japan ) were all used.

Until the abolition of slavery in the British Empire, sugar planters relied very heavily on slave labour to produce sugar.

Until the 1950s, Eaton's promoted itself as the " largest retail organization in the British Empire ".

Until 1803, when it was occupied by French and Prussian troops, Hanover was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire ; when it regained independence in 1814, Hanover was raised to a kingdom, which lasted until 1866.

Until the end of the German Empire, social and political convention often placed members of noble or royal households in command of its armies or corps but the actual responsibility for the planning and conduct of operations lay with the formation's staff officers.

Until the end of the 18th century, when they were annexed by the Russian Empire, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the successor states of Lithuania used the Vytis as their flag.

Until the mid 15th century, trade with the east was achieved through the Silk Road, with the Byzantine Empire and the Italian city-states of Venice and Genoa acting as a middle man.

Until 1918 it was in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and formed a shtetl.

Until late September 1918, the strategic situation of the Ottoman Empire appeared to be better than that of the other Central Powers.

Until the early 18th century, the khanate maintained a massive slave trade with the Ottoman Empire.

Until the decline of the Roman Empire, the Germanic tribes who had migrated there ( with the exceptions of the Saxons, Franks, and Lombards, see below ) had converted to Christianity.

Until the fall of the Roman Empire, the new Tolosa was to be a civitas of the province of Gallia Narbonensis ( capital Narbo Martius – Narbonne ), the new name of the old Provincia.

Until the Empire Connection was built in 1991, the train serviced Grand Central Terminal instead of Penn Station in New York City.

Until the abolition of the monarchy in 1923 Osman was addressed as His Imperial Highness Shahzade Ertuğrul Osman Efendi Hazretleri, Imperial Prince of the Ottoman Empire.

Until 1945 a part of the German province of East Prussia, Eydtkuhnen was the easternmost terminus of the Prussian Eastern Railway finished in 1860 connecting Berlin with the Saint Petersburg – Warsaw Railway in the Russian Empire.