Until the Act of Union took effect in 1801 and the abolition of its franchise, the town returned two members to the Irish Parliament.

Until the abolition of their statuses in the nineteenth century,

Until its abolition following the Russian Revolution of 1917, just over one thousand awards had been made.

Until the abolition of the monarchy in 1923 Osman was addressed as His Imperial Highness Shahzade Ertuğrul Osman Efendi Hazretleri, Imperial Prince of the Ottoman Empire.

Until their abolition in 1971 the Palatine courts were a part of the " County Palatine of Durham and Sadberge ".

Until its abolition for the 2010 general election it elected one Member of Parliament ( MP ) by the first past the post system of election.

Until 1997 the wards comprising Edinburgh Central were numbers 20-21, and 27-29, which changed to parts of wards 5-7, 9-11, and 14-15 until the abolition of the constituency in 2005.

Until the early 19th century Africans were captured, kidnapped, and forced into slavery to work on plantations when sugarcane became the most important export of the island.

Until December 1865 slavery was legal in parts of the United States.

Until slavery was abolished, musicians in these groups were members of the slave class ( andevo ) directed by a Hova ( free Merina ).

Until the introduction of ampicillin by the British company Beecham, penicillin therapies had only been effective against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.

Until 1887, the sport was played in England under the rules that prevailed in British India.

Until 1997, when the British Library ( previously centred on the Round Reading Room ) moved to a new site, the British Museum was unique in that it housed both a national museum of antiquities and a national library in the same building.

Until the mid-19th century, the Museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of Augustus Wollaston Franks to curate the collections, the Museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, prehistory, branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of ethnography.

Until the 1980s Black British and Asian British culture was significantly under-represented in mainstream British cinema, as they were in many areas of British life.

Until 1968, British law required scripts to be approved by the Lord Chamberlain's Office.

Until 1995 it was the standard access software provided by British dial-up internet service provider Demon Internet.

Until 1751 in England and Wales ( and all British dominions ) the new year started on 25 March – Lady Day, one of the four quarter days ( the change to 1 January took place in 1600 in Scotland ).

Until the beginning of the British Mandate in Palestine ( 1922 – 1948 ), the population was predominantly Arab Christian ( majority Orthodox Christians ), with an Arab Muslim minority.

Until the summer of 2009, he was also the Chairman of the British Council and the President of Cardiff University.

Until after World War II, the landlocked British possession of Southern Rhodesia was not developed as an indigenous African territory, but rather as a unique state which reflected its multiracial character.

Until 1949, changes to the British North America Acts could be made only by the British parliament.

Until 2002 it was also available in Boots, a British high-street chain-pharmacy.

Until the Roman conquest of Britain, the area that would become known as Glamorgan was part of the territory of the Silures – a Celtic British tribe that flourished in the Iron Age – whose territory also included the areas that would become known as Breconshire and Monmouthshire.

Until the 1920s, Governors-General were British subjects, appointed on the advice of the British Government, who acted as agents of the British Government in each Dominion, as well as being representatives of the monarch.

Until 1918, the British prime minister's powers had been theoretically quite limited and, as a member of the cabinet, the office-holder was regarded strictly as primus inter pares.

Until at least 1908, the British took the Macdonald line to be the boundary, but in 1911, the Xinhai Revolution resulted in the collapse of central power in China, and by the end of World War I, the British officially used the Johnson Line.

Until the dissolution of Holy Roman Empire and mediatization of smaller imperial fiefs by Napoleon, the evangelical Abbess of Quedlinburg was also per officio the head of that reichsunmittelbar state.

Until the early 20th century, Greeks were uniformly distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, Pontus, Egypt, Cyprus and Constantinople ; many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of the ancient Greek colonization.

Until then, both sides of the pass had been within the Habsburg-ruled Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Until the 16th century, the Low Countries – roughly now corresponding to Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties and bishoprics, most of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire.

Until the beginning of the 20th century it was the largest German speaking city in the world, and before the first world war and the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire the city had 2 million inhabitants.

Until 1787, the złoty was tied to the Conventionsthaler of the Holy Roman Empire, with 8 złoty equal to one Conventionsthaler and, consequently, 4 groschen equal to the złoty.

Until the 3rd century AD, it kept its position as the most important city in the newly formed Aemilia province, but the fall of the Empire brought Mutina down with it, as it was used as a military base both against the barbarians and in the civil wars.

Until the era of the Byzantine Empire, the interior of the enclosure remained exposed to the sky.

Until 963 the Lusatian tribes were subdued by the Saxon margrave Gero and upon his death two years later, the March of Lusatia was established on the territory of today's Lower Lusatia and remained with the Holy Roman Empire, while the adjacent Northern March again got lost in the Slavic uprising of 983.

Until then, the names " Nippon " ( 日本 ; Japan ), " Dai-Nippon " ( 大日本 ; Greater Japan ), " Dai-Nippon /- Nihon Koku " ( 日本國 ; literally State of Japan ), " Nihon Teikoku " ( 日本帝國 ; Empire of Japan ) were all used.

Until the Roman Empire came under Christian rule, there is only limited evidence of legal penalties against men who were presumably " homosexual " in the modern sense.

Until the 1950s, Eaton's promoted itself as the " largest retail organization in the British Empire ".

Until 1803, when it was occupied by French and Prussian troops, Hanover was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire ; when it regained independence in 1814, Hanover was raised to a kingdom, which lasted until 1866.

Until the end of the German Empire, social and political convention often placed members of noble or royal households in command of its armies or corps but the actual responsibility for the planning and conduct of operations lay with the formation's staff officers.

Until the end of the 18th century, when they were annexed by the Russian Empire, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the successor states of Lithuania used the Vytis as their flag.

Until the mid 15th century, trade with the east was achieved through the Silk Road, with the Byzantine Empire and the Italian city-states of Venice and Genoa acting as a middle man.

Until 1918 it was in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and formed a shtetl.

Until late September 1918, the strategic situation of the Ottoman Empire appeared to be better than that of the other Central Powers.

Until the early 18th century, the khanate maintained a massive slave trade with the Ottoman Empire.

Until the decline of the Roman Empire, the Germanic tribes who had migrated there ( with the exceptions of the Saxons, Franks, and Lombards, see below ) had converted to Christianity.

Until the fall of the Roman Empire, the new Tolosa was to be a civitas of the province of Gallia Narbonensis ( capital Narbo Martius – Narbonne ), the new name of the old Provincia.

Until the Empire Connection was built in 1991, the train serviced Grand Central Terminal instead of Penn Station in New York City.

Until 1945 a part of the German province of East Prussia, Eydtkuhnen was the easternmost terminus of the Prussian Eastern Railway finished in 1860 connecting Berlin with the Saint Petersburg – Warsaw Railway in the Russian Empire.