Teleological theories are often discussed in opposition to deontological ethical theories, which hold that acts themselves are inherently good or evil, regardless of the consequences of acts.

Eudaemonist theories ( Greek eudaimonia, " happiness ") hold that the goal of ethics consists in some function or activity appropriate to man as a human being, and thus tend to emphasize the cultivation of virtue or excellence in the agent as the end of all action.

Since pure consequentialism holds that an action is to be judged solely by its result, most consequentialist theories hold that a deliberate action is no different from a deliberate decision not to act.

Consequentialist theories that adopt this paradigm hold that right action is the action that will bring about the best consequences from this ideal observer's perspective.

Some virtue ethicists hold that consequentialist theories totally disregard the development and importance of moral character.

In later periods, these epistemological theories came to hold significance in both philosophy and popular belief.

Consequentialism refers to moral theories that hold that the consequences of a particular action form the basis for any valid moral judgment about that action ( or create a structure for judgment, see rule consequentialism ).

Other theories hold that human rights codify moral behavior which is a human social product developed by a process of biological and social evolution ( associated with Hume ).

Variations of the basic ideo-motor or ideo-dynamic theory of suggestion have continued to hold considerable influence over subsequent theories of hypnosis, including those of Clark L. Hull, Hans Eysenck, and Ernest Rossi.

Marx's theories about society, economics and politics — collectively known as Marxism — hold that all societies progress through the dialectic of class struggle: a conflict between an ownership class which controls production and a lower class which produces the labour for goods.

Among the prevailing types of theories that attempt to account for the existence of love there are: psychological theories, the vast majority of which consider love to be very healthy behavior ; there are evolutionary theories which hold that love is part of the process of natural selection ; there are spiritual theories which may, for instance consider love to be a gift from God ; there are also theories that consider love to be an unexplainable mystery, very much like a mystical experience.

* Cognitivist theories hold that evaluative moral sentences express propositions ( that is, they are " truth apt " or " truth bearers ", capable of being true or false ), as opposed to non-cognitivism.

* Non-cognitivist theories hold that ethical sentences are neither true nor false because they do not express genuine propositions.

Meta-ethical theories that imply an empirical epistemology include ethical naturalism, which holds moral facts to be reducible to non-moral facts and thus knowable in the same ways ; and most common forms of ethical subjectivism, which hold that moral facts reduce to facts about individual opinions or cultural conventions and thus are knowable by observation of those conventions.

** Natural rights theories, such that of John Locke or Robert Nozick, which hold that human beings have absolute, natural rights.

Melnyk maintains that this is precisely the attitude most scientists hold towards current scientific theories anyway.

Thus, Melnyk's rebuttal, stated very crudely, is that one should define physicalism in relation to current physics, and hold a similar attitude towards its truth as most scientists hold towards the truth of currently accepted scientific theories.

Whichever term is used, deflationary theories can be said to hold in common that " he predicate ' true ' is an expressive convenience, not the name of a property requiring deep analysis.

By the end of his life Huxley was widely acknowledged as one of the pre-eminent intellectuals of his time and respected as an important researcher into visual communication and sight-related theories as well.

Amok episodes of this kind normally end with the attacker being killed by bystanders or committing suicide, eliciting theories that amok may be a form of intentional suicide in cultures where suicide is heavily stigmatized.

Teleological theories differ on the nature of the end that actions ought to promote.

The chief problem for eudaemonist theories is to show that leading a life of virtue will also be attended by happiness — by the winning of the goods regarded as the chief end of action.

Towards the end of the Middle Ages, many philosophers, such as Nicholas of Cusa and Francisco Suarez, propounded similar theories.

There is no fundamental limit known to these wavelengths or energies, at either end of the spectrum, although photons with energies near the Planck energy or exceeding it ( far too high to have ever been observed ) will required new physical theories to describe.

His theories dominated psychiatry at the start of the twentieth century and, despite the later psychodynamic influence of Sigmund Freud and his disciples, appeared to enjoy a revival at century's end.

This contrasts with teleological theories of activity, which suppose that the end is the determining factor of activity, as well as those who believe in a tabula rasa, or blank slate, view, where individuals are defined by their interactions.

The proponents of these theories argue that general cognitive processes subserve language acquisition and that the end result of these processes is language-specific phenomena, such as word learning and grammar acquisition.

Reductive materialism being at one end of a continuum ( our theories will reduce to facts ) and eliminative materialism on the other ( certain theories will need to be eliminated in light of new facts ), Revisionary materialism is somewhere in the middle.

Scientists were unable to prepare compounds of argon until the end of the 20th century, but these attempts helped to develop new theories of atomic structure.

After the use of classical theories since the end of the scientific revolution, various fields substituted mathematics studies for experimental studies and examining equations to build a theoretical structure.

But strings can obscure the difference between large and small, strong and weak, and this is how these five very different theories end up being related.

Following the ideas of the Academics, Zeno divided philosophy into three parts: Logic ( a very wide subject including rhetoric, grammar, and the theories of perception and thought ); Physics ( not just science, but the divine nature of the universe as well ); and Ethics, the end goal of which was to achieve happiness through the right way of living according to Nature.

" A more recent assessment has been that while acceptance of Newton's theories was not immediate, by the end of a century after publication in 1687, " no one could deny that " ( out of the ' Principia ') " a science had emerged that, at least in certain respects, so far exceeded anything that had ever gone before that it stood alone as the ultimate exemplar of science generally.

Several theories have been proposed to explain it ; one is that the observer sees portions of the lightning channel end on, and that these portions appear especially bright.

Towards the end of the 1960s Edgar F. Codd worked out his theories of data arrangement, and proposed the relational model for database management based on first-order predicate logic.

The previous theories have been fundamentally challenged by new information since the opening of the Soviet archives after the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, which allowed more research in new areas of materials.

Some later commentators have extended the metaphor to emphasize the suddenness, suggesting that economic bubbles end " All at once, and nothing first, / Just as bubbles do when they burst ," though theories of financial crises such as debt-deflation and the Financial Instability Hypothesis suggest instead that bubbles burst progressively, with the most vulnerable ( most highly-levered ) assets failing first, and then the collapse spreading throughout the economy.

The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913 was still ready to endorse a version of this view, describing the massacres as " an entirely political act committed in the name of the immoral principles of Machiavellianism " and blaming " the pagan theories of a certain raison d ' état according to which the end justified the means ".

The fundamental idea of Winckelmann's artistic theories are that the end of art is beauty, and that this end can be attained only when individual and characteristic features are strictly subordinated to an artist's general scheme.

Theories whose subject matter consists not in empirical data, but rather in ideas are in the realm of philosophical theories as contrasted with scientific theories.

In most theories of phonology, the general structure of a syllable ( σ ) consists of three segments:

If ( E, M ) is a factorization system, then the morphisms in M may be regarded as the embeddings, especially when the category is well powered with respect to M. Concrete theories often have a factorization system in which M consists of the embeddings in the previous sense.

The theory of the firm consists of a number of economic theories which describe the nature of the firm, company, or corporation, including its existence, its behaviour, and its relationship with the market.

The New Babylon project consists of a series of models, constructions, maqquettes, collages, drawings, graphics and texts expressing Constant's theories of urban development and social interaction.

Now my reply to instrumentalism consists in showing that there are profound differences between " pure " theories and technological computation rules, and that instrumentalism can give a perfect description of these rules but is quite unable to account for the difference between them and the theories.

The conformal field theories are also related to compact Lie group in which the classical phase consists of a central extension of the loop group.

* Much of condensed matter physics consists of writing effective field theories for the particular property of matter being studied.

" They go on to propose that, " the best response consists in cognitive infiltration of extremist groups ", where they suggest, among other tactics, " Government agents ( and their allies ) might enter chat rooms, online social networks, or even real-space groups and attempt to undermine percolating conspiracy theories by raising doubts about their factual premises, causal logic or implications for political action.

For every prime number p ( which is suppressed in the notation ), it consists of theories K ( n ) for each nonnegative integer n, each a ring spectrum in the sense of homotopy theory.

Maude modules ( rewrite theories ) consists of a term-language plus sets of equations and rewrite-rules.

The theory of the firm consists of a number of economic theories that describe, explain, and predict the nature of the firm, company, or corporation, including its existence, behavior, structure, and relationship to the market.