Vaccinia virus replicates its genome in cytoplasm of the infected cells and after late gene expression virion morphogenesis produces IMV that contains envelope, although the origin of the envelope membrane is still unknown.

Vaccinia virus is well known for its role as a vaccine ( its namesake ) that eradicated the smallpox disease, making it the first human disease to be successfully eradicated by science.

Post eradication of smallpox, scientists study Vaccinia virus to use as a tool for delivering genes into biological tissues ( gene therapy and genetic engineering ).

In the early 21st century, due to concerns about smallpox being used as an agent for bioterrorism, there was renewed interest in studying the Vaccinia virus.

Immune responses generated from a Vaccinia virus infection protects the person against a lethal smallpox infection.

For this reason, Vaccinia virus was, and is still being used as a live-virus vaccine against smallpox.

Unlike vaccines that use weakened forms of the virus being vaccinated against, the Vaccinia virus vaccine cannot cause a smallpox infection because it does not contain the smallpox virus.

" However, in May 2010, Dr. Alibek and co-authors proved their case by publishing the results of effective suppression of HIV replication in the blood of individuals immunized against smallpox: Weinstein R, Weinstein M, Alibek K et al., " Significantly reduced CCR5-tropic HIV-1 replication in vitro in cells from subjects previously immunized with Vaccinia Virus ".

One of them, the Modified Vaccinia Ankara ( MVA ) virus, is a highly attenuated strain of vaccinia virus that was developed towards the end of the campaign for the eradication of smallpox by Professor Anton Mayr in Germany.

However, additional information could become available, and health-care providers should consult CDC to obtain up-dated information regarding treatment options for smallpox vaccination complications ( see Consultation Regarding Complications of Vaccinia Vaccine ).

Vaccinia contains within its genome several proteins that give the virus resistance to interferons.

Vaccinia is also used in recombinant vaccines, as a vector for expression of foreign genes within a host, in order to generate an immune response.

Vaccinia virus also produces cytosolic proteins and peptides that have many disulfide bonds ; although the reason for this is unknown presumably they have protective effects against intracellular proteolysis machinery.

Vaccinia virus ( VACV or VV ) is a large, complex, enveloped virus belonging to the poxvirus family.

Vaccinia virus is closely related to the virus that causes cowpox ; historically the two were often considered to be one and the same.

E3L is another protein encoded by Vaccinia.

A Vaccinia virus infection is very mild and is typically asymptomatic in healthy individuals, but it may cause a mild rash and fever.

Vaccinia virus is most closely related to CPV-GRI-90.

Vaccinia virus is also used as an effective tool for foreign protein expression to elicit strong host immune response.

Vaccinia virus enters cells mainly by cell fusion, although currently the receptor is not known.

JX-594 is a thymidine kinase-deleted Vaccinia virus plus GM-CSF.

CDC is currently the only source of VIG for civilians ( see Vaccinia Vaccine Availability for contact information ).

* Vaccinia Virus Genomes database search results from the Poxvirus Bioinformatics Resource Center

* Weinstein R, Weinstein M, Alibek K et al., " Significantly reduced CCR5-tropic HIV-1 replication in vitro in cells from subjects previously immunized with Vaccinia Virus ", BMC Immunology 2010 May 18 ; 11 ( 1 ): 23.

Vaccinia infections may be divided into the following types:

; Vaccinia Immune Globulin ( VIG ) could be very useful but supplies may be deficient as of 2006.

Vaccinia ( Smallpox ) Vaccine Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ( ACIP ), 2001 ; http :// www. cdc. gov / mmwr / preview / mmwrhtml / rr5010a1. htm.

Actoclampin motors also propel such intracellular pathogens as Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri, Vaccinia and Rickettsia.

Other studies suggest that B. edulis also has antiviral activity against Vaccinia virus and tobacco mosaic virus grown in culture.

Yet, after Rousseau had given the social contract a new twist with his notion of the General Will, the same philosophy, it may be said, became the idea source of the French Revolution also.

But then, after the little operetta had been given its feeble amateur rendering, everyone insisted that it was too good to be lost forever, and that the Royal Academy of Music must now have the manuscript in order to give it the really first-rate performance it merited.

`` Monsieur Favre indicated that if I would co-operate, after you and William are banished, following the debate, I will be given a place of influence ''.

There were 49% ( 20 subjects ) who did not give a positive reaction even after they were informed of the normalcy of such a reaction and had been given a demonstration.

it is only after he has involved her emotions in his scheme that he uses her given name, placing himself by implication in the position of a solicitous father.

So, after the sitting has been held, several readings at one time are mailed, and the distant sitter ( whose name or whose communicator's name was given to the medium ) must mark each little item as Correct ( Hit ), Incorrect ( Miss ), Doubtful, or Especially Significant ( applying to him and, he feels, not to anyone else ).

He was caught driving the day after the sentence was pronounced and given a warning.

Fuchs, after nine and a half years, was released, being given time off for good behavior.

It made him pretty hot under the collar, after the idea Miss Sis had given him, to be told by Miss Kiz that her holy spa was all reserved for this summer and next, if you please, and that much as she regretted it, they would be unable to entertain Mrs. Robards and the children.

Later, the Anatolian peninsula was given the name Asia ( Ἀσία ), presumably after the name of the Assuwa confederation in western Anatolia.

Looking back on this period ( in 1926 ) Milne observed that when he told his agent that he was going to write a detective story, he was told that what the country wanted from a " Punch humorist " was a humorous story ; when two years later he said he was writing nursery rhymes, his agent and publisher were convinced he should write another detective story ; and after another two years he was being told that writing a detective story would be in the worst of taste given the demand for children's books.

The Turkish word Mart is given after the name of Mars the god.

There is more to this argument, given that the Parthians in the East were themselves soon to make no small amount of mischief after Antoninus ' passing.

In 294 BC, after forty-three years of semi-autonomy under Macedonian suzerainty, Ambracia was given by the son of Cassander to Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, who made it his capital, and adorned it with palace, temples and theatres.

He was mentioned in the Quran as the " second of the two who lay in the cave " in reference to the event of hijra, with Muhammad where they hid in the cave in Jabal Thawr from the Meccan search party that was sent after them, thus being one of few who were given direct reference to in the Quran.

In July 2011, after returning the piece of debris at NASA's request, the sixteen-year-old Schanze was given an all-access tour of the Kennedy Space Center as well as VIP seating for the launch of STS-135, the final mission of the Space Shuttle program.

Friedrich von Schlegel, August Wilhelm Schlegel, Friedrich Schleiermacher and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel have also given lectures on aesthetics as philosophy of art after 1800.

While services in the Temple in Jerusalem included musical instruments ( 2 Chronicles 29: 25 – 27 ), traditional Jewish religious services in the Synagogue, both before and after the destruction of the Temple, did not include musical instruments given the practice of scriptural cantillation.

After graduation and a brief sojourn at the Military School of Paris Napoleon applied for second-lieutenancy in the artillery regiment of La Fère at Valence and after a time was given the position.

Born with the given name of ` Abbás, he was named after his grandfather Mírzá ` Abbás Núrí, a prominent and powerful nobleman.

Thus the discovery report by the Berkeley group reads: " It is suggested that element 97 be given the name berkelium ( symbol Bk ) after the city of Berkeley in a manner similar to that used in naming its chemical homologue terbium ( atomic number 65 ) whose name was derived from the town of Ytterby, Sweden, where the rare earth minerals were first found.

In 1887, the stolen base was given its own individual statistical column in the box score, and was defined for purposes of scoring: "... every base made after first base has been reached by a base runner, except for those made by reason of or with the aid of a battery error ( wild pitch or passed ball ), or by batting, balks or by being forced off.

A fighter who suffers an accidental low-blow may be given up to five minutes to recover, after which they may be ruled knocked out if they are unable to continue.

According to the Torah, Benjamin's ( or in some countries, Biniam's ) name arose when Jacob deliberately corrupted the name Benoni, the original name of Benjamin, since Benoni was an allusion to Rachel's dying just after she had given birth, as it means son of my pain.

According to textual scholars, this is really the Jahwist's account of the reunion after Joseph identifies himself, and the account of the threat to enslave Benjamin is just the Elohist's version of the same event, with the Elohist being more terse about Joseph's emotions towards Benjamin, merely mentioning that Benjamin was given five times as many gifts as the others.