Since 1974 with the publication of Elizabeth A. R. Brown's The Tyranny of a Construct, and Susan Reynolds ' Fiefs and Vassals ( 1994 ), there has been ongoing inconclusive discussion among medieval historians as to whether feudalism is a useful construct for understanding medieval society.

In Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted ( 1994 ), Susan Reynolds expanded upon Brown's original thesis.

* Reynolds, Susan, Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted.

Vassals held inherited lands and provided military service and homage to their lords.

In the words of one reviewer: " At worst, the allegiance system is a multilevel marketing scheme, whereby greedy, uncaring Patrons enlist as many Vassals as possible in order to gain large amounts of bonus experience.

Vassals of estate-owners who protected them due to the high tax revenue they provided, Valencian Moriscos were also relatively distinct population.

" Provincial Vassals of the Muromachi Shoguns ", in The Bakufu in Japanese History.

Vassals paid taxes to the sultan and often contributed with troops in various Ottoman military campaigns.

Vassals were nobles who served loyalty for the king, in return for being given the use of land.

According to John of Ibelin, it was one of the four major Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Vassals of the King of Imereti, they revolted several times against the royal power.

The surname was ascribed to the Register of the Vassals and recognized of ancient nobility in 1843 for the admission in the " Company of the Regal Watches " in person of Giovanni Camillo.

Vassals were installed in Tunis and territory as far as Kairouan came under control.

Recherla Dodda Naidu and Recherla Brahma Naidu were vassals of the Velanti Chodas ( Vassals of the Chola-Chalukyas and responsible for the administration of their Andhra territories ) and tried to usher in a new era in which caste distinctions would be abolished.

On succession due to Prince Kunhi Homos death, Prince Cunhi Raman tried to ambition to reaffirm his authority upon his Vassals to the East India Company concern.

Menons who belonged to the Kiriyathil were Vassals to the Kings.

At times, the Petit Brak was tributary to Waalo, at other times allied with Bethio.

In the 1720s, the Brak of Waalo was Erim M ' Bagnick and Béquio Malicouri, king of the Royaume d ' Oral ( Bethio ), was his vassal.

In the 18th century the most famous " Prince Bethio " was Maalixuri ( Malichouri ) ( Malikhuri Diop ) who was legendary for his cleverness, changes of strategy, and defiance in disputes with the Kingdom of Waalo and with the French at Saint-Louis, Senegal.

Djolof expanded its dominance of small chiefdoms south of the Senegal River ( Waalo, Cayor Baol, Sine – Saloum ), bringing together all the Senegambia to which he gave religious and social unity: the " Grand Djolof " Jean Boulègue, Le grand Jolof, XIII < sup > e </ sup >- XVI < sup > e </ sup > siècle, vol.

* Boubacar Barry, Le Royaume du Waalo: le Sénégal avant la Conquête, Karthala, 2000 ( rééd.

The Grand Brak or Big King ruled the kingdom of Waalo, whose capital was originally at Diourbel.

In the 1720s, the Brak ( king ) of Oualo ( Waalo ) was Erim M ' Bagnick ( Yérim Mbañik ) and Béquio Malicouri king of the Royaume d ' Oral was his vassal.

Cayor was located in north and central Senegal, southeast of Waalo, west of the kingdom of Jolof and north of Baol and the Kingdom of Sine.

After the French conquered Waalo, governor Louis Faidherbe annexed Cayor in 1868, but Cayor got its independence restored in 1871.

The Kingdom of Waalo ( Oualo ) was a kingdom on the lower Senegal River in West Africa, in what are now Senegal and Mauritania.

Waalo had a complicated political and social system, which has a continuing influence on Wolof culture in Senegal today, especially its highly formalized and rigid caste system.

This Serer matriclan was established in Waalo by Lingeer Ndoye Demba of Sine.

These matrilinial families engaged in constant dynastic struggles to become " Brak " or king of Waalo, as well as warring with Waalo's neighbors.

Waalo was founded in 1287.

Under NDdiadian, Jolof made Waalo a vassal.

The royal capital of Waalo was first Ndiourbel ( Guribel ) on the north bank of the Senegal River ( in modern Mauritania ), then Ndiangué on the south bank of the river, then the capital was moved to Nder on the west shore of the Lac de Guiers.

Waalo was subject to constant raids for slaves not only from the Moors but also in the internecine wars.

Waalo had lucrative treaties with the French, who had established their base at the island of Saint-Louis ( now Saint-Louis, Senegal ) near the mouth of the river.

Waalo was paid fees for every boatload of gum arabic or slaves that was shipped on the river, in return for its " protection " of the trade.

Waalo was conquered in 1855 by the French, in a campaign of Governor Louis Faidherbe.

In all, Waalo had 52 kings since its founding.

Waalo had its own traditional African religion.

Waalo fell to France in 1855.

Notably, the settlement of Nder, the third and final capital of the former Kingdom of Waalo, was located on the west shores of the Lake.

Just like the Pentium MMX the 6x86L required a split powerplane voltage regulator with separate voltages for I / O and CPU core.

The resultant cladistic structure would not resemble anything like a binary split into vertebrates and invertebrates.

Meiosis uses many of the same mechanisms as mitosis, a type of cell division used by eukaryotes like plants and animals to split one cell into two identical daughter cells.

Instead of being hired by the foodservice establishments like in the previous three categories, performers at foodservice establishments of this category were usually contractors who paid the foodservice establishment to perform on stages and split the earning according to a certain percentage.

* 2D Key ( 2-Dimensional Key ) is a 2D matrix-like key input method having the key styles of multiline passphrase, crossword, ASCII / Unicode art, with optional textual semantic noises, to create big password / key beyond 128 bits to realize the MePKC ( Memorizable Public-Key Cryptography ) using fully memorizable private key upon the current private key management technologies like encrypted private key, split private key, and roaming private key.

Van Driem ( 2001 ), like Shafer, rejects a primary split between Chinese and the rest.

All invertebrates with well developed brains, like insects, spiders and squids have a ventral rather than dorsal system of ganglions, with a split brain stem running on each side of the mouth / gut.

Most North American accents lack the so-called trap – bath split found in Southern England: Words like ask, answer, grass, bath, staff, dance are pronounced with the short-a of trap, not with the broad A of father heard in Southern England as well as in most of the Southern hemisphere.

The Baoulé, like the Asante, elaborated a highly centralized political and administrative structure under three successive rulers, but it finally split into smaller chiefdoms.

A late third series, composed of The Incorporated Knight and The Pixilated Peeress, is set in the medieval era of another alternate world sharing the geography of our own, but in which a Neapolitan empire filled the role of Rome and no universal religion like Christianity ever arose, leaving its nations split among competing pagan sects.

It was once classified in the lily family, like its Allium cousins, onions and garlic, but the Liliaceae have been split and the onion-like plants are now in the family Amaryllidaceae and asparagus in the Asparagaceae.

At that time several territories had already split off, like the County of Luxembourg and the Electorate of Trier, or the County of Bar and the " Three Bishoprics " of Verdun, Metz and Toul.

Most production carbureted ( as opposed to fuel-injected ) engines have a single carburetor and a matching intake manifold that divides and transports the air fuel mixture to the intake valves, though some engines ( like motorcycle engines ) use multiple carburetors on split heads.

Government bonds and bonds issued by government sponsored enterprises ( GSE's ) are often considered to be in a zero-risk category above AAA ; and categories like AA and A may sometimes be split into finer subdivisions like " AA −" or " AA +".

The immature peas ( and in snow peas the tender pod as well ) are used as a vegetable, fresh, frozen or canned ; varieties of the species typically called field peas are grown to produce dry peas like the split pea shelled from the matured pod.

* The Socialist Party ( SP ), in its first years a radical socialist / communist party, a Maoist split from the Communist Party Netherlands, is now a big socialist party, very conservative on economic issues and advocating more socialism, government control but at the same time taking more conservative positions on issues like integration and national identity than the PvdA, generally populist.

While the two split singing and songwriting duties roughly in half, Linnell's songs enjoyed the most commercial success in their early years: singles like " Don't Let's Start " and " Ana Ng " introduced the band to college radio, and they made waves on the Billboard charts in 1990 with " Birdhouse in Your Soul ".

Arab leaders are split: while some assist the Allies, others like Iraqi Rashid Ali and the Palestinian Amin al-Husayni assist the Axis.

Attempting to reconcile the conflicting results, the Cahill team suggested that the high concentrations found by McCrone were due to a combination of contamination from modern dust, and poor sample selection ( i. e. choosing contaminant particles like those in the split ); however, they also chose not to publish or publicise Möller's loose particle study.

He led the group for almost 50 years, creating innovations like the use of two " split " tenor saxophones, emphasizing the rhythm section, riffing with a big band, using arrangers to broaden their sound, and others.

For example, when treating the answer BEER the setter may decide to split the word into BEE and R and, after finding suitable ways to define the answer and BEE, now looks to give the solver a clue to the letter R. Ximenean rules would not allow something like “ reach first ” to indicate that R is the first letter of “ reach ” because, grammatically, that is not what “ reach first ” implies.

With the introduction in about 1450 of four-part writing by composers like Ockeghem and Obrecht, the contratenor split into contratenor altus and contratenor bassus, which were respectively above and below the tenor.

A common example of fishing for overcalls occurs in High-low split games like Omaha hold ' em.

In 15 bit high color, one of the bits of the two bytes is ignored or set aside for an alpha channel, and the remaining 15 bits are split between the red, green, and blue components of the final color, like this: