The Khan Güyük replied in 1246 in a letter written in Persian that still rests in the Vatican Library, demanding the submission of the Pope and the other rulers of Europe.

The Vatican Persian cock denoting a sacred and religious vessel acknowledged by and from the Vatican, " a girt one of the loins " of Proverbs 30: 31, the Hebrew zarzir, Arabic sarsar, Greek alektor, French coq, Persian bird, Persian cock or the acknowledged rooster from the Hebrew Torah, the Christian Old Testament, the Holy Scriptures of Job, Isaiah and of the Apostles John, Luke, Matthew and Mark, and the Gospel of Jesus Christ may still further be viewed through " A Dictionary of the Bible " which tells us that " Pindar ( ca.

At the time however, the anti-Vatican resentment, combined with Italian diplomatic moves to isolate the Vatican in light of the unresolved Roman Question, contributed to the exclusion of the Vatican from the Paris Peace conference of 1919 ( although it was also part of a historical pattern of political and diplomatic marginalization of the papacy after the loss of the papal states ).

On 11 April 1919, Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri informed the Estonian authorities that the Vatican would agree to have diplomatic relations.

The formation of the PPI, with the permission of Pope Benedict XV, represented a tacit and reluctant reversal of the Vatican ’ s Non Expedit policy of non-participation in Italian politics, officially abolished before the November 1919 elections, in which the PPI won 20. 6 % of the vote and 100 seats in the legislature.

Landon was private secretary to the Governor of New South Wales 1900 ; in 1903 he was special correspondent of the Daily Mail at the Delhi Durbar, in China, in Japan and in Siberia ; in 1903 – 1904 he was special correspondent of The Times on the British military expedition to Lhasa, Tibet ; in 1905 – 1906 he was special correspondent of The Times for the Prince of Wales ' visit to India ; and after that he was in Persia, India, and Nepal, 1908 ; Russian Turkestan 1909 ; Egypt and Sudan 1910 ; on the North Eastern Frontier of India and at the Delhi Durbar, 1911 ; in Mesopotamia and Syria, 1912 ; in Scandinavia and behind the British and French lines in 1914-1915 ; behind the Italian lines and to the Vatican in 1917 ( the war and Vatican visits with Kipling ); at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 ; in Constantinople, 1920 ; in India, Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine 1921 ; on the Prince of Wales ' tour of India and Japan, 1921-1922 ; in China and North America 1922 ; at the Peace Conference in Lausanne, 1923 ; in China, Nepal and Egypt 1924 ; and in China in 1925 ( source except where noted: Who Was Who ).

Cornwell stated he uncovered a " time bomb " letter signed and personally annotated by Pacelli that had been lying in the Vatican archives since 1919, regarding the actions of communist revolutionaries in Munich.

Thus the secular power of the Bishop of Rome, i. e., the Pope, was reduced to one square mile, the smallest sovereign nation on earth ( as a result of the 1929 Lateran Treaty which established a Concordat between Vatican City and the nation of Italy ).

On July 25, Pope Pius XI emerged from the Vatican and entered St. Peter's square in a huge procession witnessed by about 250, 000 persons, thus ending nearly 60 years of papal self-imprisonment within the Vatican.

* July 25 – Pope Pius XI emerges from the Vatican and enters St. Peter's square in a huge procession witnessed by about 250, 000 persons, thus ending nearly 60 years of papal self-imprisonment within the Vatican.

It is one of only two square sovereign-state flags, the other being the flag of Vatican City.

During this period, popes also refused to appear at Saint Peter's Square or at the balcony of the Vatican Basilica facing it, as the square in front of the Basilica was occupied by the Italian troops.

During the Christmas Season, a nativity scene that Saint Vincent himself made is put on display at the Vatican, in the basilica's square, before the Christmas tree.

After Joan is excommunicated, the English, weary of the Church's endless and delaying rituals decide that Joan can be executed long before the Vatican learns about it, and so orders his soldiers to drag Joan to the square to be burned.

With new access streets installed by Sixtus IV — Via Florea and Via Pellegrino — the square became a necessary corridor for important people passing between the Basilica of St. John Lateran and the Vatican, thus bringing wealth to the area: a flourishing horse market took place twice a week ( Monday and Saturday ) and a lot of inns, hotels and shops came to be situated in Campo de ' Fiori.

Two similar compositions in mosaic are known, from Pompeii and at the Vatican Museum, but these both depict a cat attacking a bird.

Evidence from Vatican archives, dated 1517, indicates that the complete building had two crossings, west and east, each with single towers, a double-cruciform design that was relatively rare in Europe.

Astorino is the first American architect to design a structure in the Vatican.

In 1770 Harrison submitted a design to Pope Clement XIV for converting the Vatican Cortile del Belvedere into a museum for antique statues.

The architectural development during the time of the Second Vatican Council shaped the design of the church.

According to the indictment, the five ordered Calvi's murder to prevent the banker " from using blackmail power against his political and institutional sponsors from the world of Masonry, belonging to the P2 lodge, or to the Institute for Religious Works ( the Vatican Bank ) with whom he had managed investments and financing with conspicuous sums of money, some of it coming from Cosa Nostra and public agencies ".

In 1845 he went to Rome intending to collate the codex belonging to the Vatican.

After falling under Nazi occupation, Lithuania appealed to the Vatican to reintegrate its dioceses into the country and replace its bishops, to which Maglione responded, " The government of Kaunas should appreciate, that the Holy See cannot run behind armies and change bishops as combatant troops occupy new territories belonging to countries other than their own.

South of the Passetto the quarter houses only some offices ( mainly belonging to the Vatican ), an Auditorium, and the huge complex of the Hospital of Santo Spirito.

These include: Albania, Afghanistan Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chad, Chile, the People's Republic of China, Côte d ' Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, DR Congo, Egypt, East Timor, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Holy See ( Vatican City ), Honduras, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Libya, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Netherlands, Nigeria, Oman, Order of Malta, Paraguay, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Uruguay, and Vietnam.

Whilst members of the Independent Catholic movement take seriously the issue of valid orders, it is highly significant that the relevant Vatican Congregations tend not to respond to petitions from Independent Catholic bishops and clergy who seek to be received into communion with the Holy See, hoping to continue in some sacramental role.

Vatican: the Holy See.

Another example is its self-description as the " Holy, Catholic, Apostolic and Roman Church " in the 24 April 1870 Dogmatic Constitution on the Catholic Faith of the First Vatican Council.

* Vatican: The Holy See Official Website of the Papacy

Often incorrectly referred to as " the Vatican ", the Holy See is not the same entity as the Vatican City State, which came into existence only in 1929 ; the Holy See, the episcopal see of Rome, dates back to early Christian times.

Ambassadors are officially accredited not to the Vatican City State but to " the Holy See ", and papal representatives to states and international organizations are recognized as representing the Holy See, not the Vatican City State.

The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office speaks of Vatican City as the " capital " of the Holy See, although it compares the legal personality of the Holy See to that of the Crown in Christian monarchies and declares that the Holy See and the state of Vatican City are two international identities.

The British Ambassador to the Holy See uses more precise language, saying that the Holy See " is not the same as the Vatican City State.

" This agrees exactly with the expression used by the website of the United States Department of State, in giving information on both the Holy See and the Vatican City State: it too says that the Holy See " operates from the Vatican City State ".

Although the Holy See, as distinct from the Vatican City State, does not fulfil the long-established criteria in international law of statehood — having a permanent population, a defined territory, a stable government and the capacity to enter into relations with other states — its possession of full legal personality in international law is shown by the fact that it maintains diplomatic relations with 179 states, that it is a member-state in various intergovernmental international organizations, and that it is: " respected by the international community of sovereign States and treated as a subject of international law having the capacity to engage in diplomatic relations and to enter into binding agreements with one, several, or many states under international law that are largely geared to establish and preserving peace in the world.

The Vatican Obelisk was first brought from Egypt to Rome by Caligula.

He built a large racetrack known as the circus of Gaius and Nero and had an Egyptian obelisk ( now known as the Vatican Obelisk ) transported by sea and erected in the middle of Rome.

However, writing in the Vatican newspaper, the astronomer, Father José Gabriel Funes, director of the Vatican Observatory near Rome, said in 2008 that intelligent beings created by God could exist in outer space.

Fresco Sistine Chapel in the Vatican City | Vatican, Rome, Italy.

Unlike the five earlier General Councils held in Rome, which met in the Lateran Basilica and are known as Lateran Councils, it met in the Vatican Basilica, hence its name.

Entering the service of Eberhard, prince-bishop of Liège, he was sent by that prelate on a mission to Rome, where Pope Leo X retained him, giving him ( 1519 ) the office of librarian of the Vatican.

The death of Laocoön was famously depicted in a much-admired marble Laocoön and his Sons, attributed by Pliny the Elder to the Rhodian sculptors Agesander, Athenodoros, and Polydorus, which stands in the Vatican Museums, Rome.

The pope is also head of state of Vatican City, a sovereign city-state entirely enclaved within the city of Rome.

The official list of titles of the Pope, in the order in which they are given in the Annuario Pontificio, is: Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province, Sovereign of the State of Vatican City, Servant of the Servants of God.

( It is common, however, for publications to use " Holy See ", " Vatican / Vatican City ", and even " Rome " interchangeably, and incorrectly.

His projects in Rome included: the church and piazza at Santa Maria della Pace ; the Via del Corso, Piazza Colonna and associated buildings ; reworking of the Porta del Popolo, the Piazza del Popolo and Santa Maria del Popolo ; Piazza San Pietro, the Scala Regia and interior embellishments in the Vatican Palace and St Peters ; Sant ' Andrea al Quirinale ; part of the Palazzo del Quirinale ; the obelisk and elephant in Piazza della Minerva.

He also encouraged architecture, and the general improvement of Rome, where houses were razed to straighten and widen streets and where he had the opportunity to be a great patron for Gian Lorenzo Bernini: the decorations of the church of Santa Maria del Popolo, titular churches for several of the Chigi cardinals, the Scala Regia, the Chair of St. Peter in the Vatican Basilica.

His frequent habit of sneaking out of the Vatican late at night to walk the streets of the city of Rome earned him the nickname " Johnny Walker ", a pun on the whisky brand name.

Peter Stanford, a Catholic journalist and writer, wrote, regarding Fatal Silence: the pope, the resistance and the German occupation of Rome ( written by Robert Katz ; ISBN 0-297-84661-2 ; Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003 ): " Vatican still refuses to open all its files from the period – which seems to me to be a conclusive admission of guilt – but Katz has winkled various papers out of God's business address on earth to add to the stash of new information he has uncovered in America in the archives of the Office of Strategic Services.

Moreover, Katz reveals that those who did escape the Nazi round-up and found sanctuary in church buildings in Rome did so in the face of explicit opposition from the Vatican.

His efforts against the Cathars of Montaillou in the Ariège were carefully recorded in the Fournier Register, which he took to Rome and deposited in the Vatican Library.

He immediately returned the Papal Curia to Rome, where he was crowned at the Vatican Basilica on Sunday, 23 January 1295.

* The 1303 document founding the University of Rome La Sapienza ( Vatican Secret Archives )

He only remained eight days in Rome and then returned to Monte Cassino, though with the help of Matilda and Jordan, he took back the Vatican Hill.

But a squad of troops which King Ladislaus had sent to the aid of the Colonna faction was still occupying the Castle of Sant ' Angelo, ostensibly protecting the Vatican, but making frequent sorties upon Rome and the neighbouring territory.