As part of their adaptation from marine life, terrestrial plants began producing non-marine antioxidants such as ascorbic acid ( Vitamin C ), polyphenols and tocopherols.

Vitamins come from a number of sources including fresh fruit and vegetables ( Vitamin C ), carrots, liver ( Vitamin A ), cereal bran, bread, liver e ( B vitamins ), fish liver oil ( Vitamin D ) and fresh green vegetables ( Vitamin K ).

Raw cranberries have moderate levels of Vitamin C, dietary fiber and the essential dietary mineral, manganese, as well as a balanced profile of other essential micronutrients.

Vitamin C deficiency results in scurvy.

Scurvy is a disease now known to be caused by a deficiency of Vitamin C, but in Lind's day, the concept of vitamins was unknown.

Vitamin C is necessary for the maintenance of healthy connective tissue.

Some are produced by the human body with adequate precursors ( glutathione, Vitamin C ), and those the body cannot produce may only be obtained in the diet via direct sources ( Vitamin C in humans, Vitamin A, Vitamin K ) or produced by the body from other compounds ( Beta-carotene converted to Vitamin A by the body, Vitamin D synthesized from cholesterol by sunlight ).

For example, Vitamin C can reactivate free radical-containing glutathione or Vitamin E by accepting the free radical itself.

Some cannot be present in certain areas of free radical development ( Vitamin A is fat-soluble and protects fat areas, Vitamin C is water soluble and protects those areas ).

Although plant-derived foods do not naturally contain B < sub > 12 </ sub >, some are fortified during processing with added B < sub > 12 </ sub > and other nutrients .< ref > Vitamin A, in the form of beta-carotene, is available from plants such as carrots and spinach.

( Vitamin D is the exception: it can be synthesized in the skin, in the presence of UVB radiation.

* Vitamin D deficiency: Low circulating Vitamin D is common among the elderly worldwide.

In renal disease, more active forms of Vitamin D such as cholecalciferol or ( 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or calcitriol which is the main biologically active form of vitamin D ) is used, as the kidney cannot adequately generate calcitriol from calcidiol ( 25-hydroxycholecalciferol ) which is the storage form of vitamin D. In vitamin D assays, vitamin D < sub > 2 </ sub > ( ergocalitrol ) is not accurately measured, therefore vitamin D < sub > 3 </ sub > ( cholecalciferol ) is recommended for supplementation.

In contrast to these coordination compounds, methylcobalamin ( a form of Vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub >), with a cobalt-methyl bond, is a true organometallic complex, one of the few known in biology.

The rose hip, usually from R. canina is used as a minor source of Vitamin C. The fruits of many species have significant levels of vitamins and have been used as a food supplement.

For example, a teaspoon of paprika contains about 1133 IU of Vitamin A, which is over 20 % of the recommended daily allowance specified by the US FDA.

Vitamin C is widespread in plant tissues, with particularly high concentrations occurring in citrus fruits ( oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruits ), tomatoes, potatoes, cabbages, and green peppers.

Vitamin C is destroyed by the process of pasteurization, so babies fed with ordinary bottled milk sometimes suffer from scurvy if they are not provided with adequate vitamin supplements.

Vitamin K is a group of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamins that are needed for the posttranslational modification of certain proteins required for blood coagulation and in metabolic pathways in bone and other tissue.

Vitamin K < sub > 2 </ sub > has several subtypes, one of which is involved in bone metabolism.

Vitamin K < sub > 1 </ sub >, the precursor of most vitamin K in nature, is a steroisomer of phylloquinone, an important chemical in green plants, where it functions as an electron accepter in photosystem I during photosynthesis.

Vitamin K ( in animals ) is involved in the carboxylation of certain glutamate residues in proteins to form gamma-carboxyglutamate ( Gla ) residues.

Despite having little acidity, the fruit has high levels of Vitamin C. The juice is used by all, especially those who are sick.

* Vitamin E also protects lipids and prevents the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs.

Vitamin E may help prevent or delay coronary heart disease by limiting the oxidation of LDL-cholesterol.

The antioxidant indicaxanthin, found in beets, in a spectrophotometric study showed that indicaxanthin can be reduce perferryl-Hb generated in solution from met-Hb and hydrogen peroxide, more effectively than either Trolox or Vitamin C. Collectively, results demonstrate that indicaxanthin can be incorporated into the redox machinery of β-thalassemic RBC and defend the cell from oxidation, possibly interfering with perferryl-Hb, a reactive intermediate in the hydroperoxide-dependent Hb degradation.

Vitamin C also helps to prevent oxidation of the product.

Vitamin B < sub > 6 </ sub > is a water-soluble compound that was discovered in the 1930s during nutrition studies on rats.

Desferrioxamine is an iron-chelating compound, and excretion induced by desferrioxamine is enhanced by administration of Vitamin C. It cannot be used during pregnancy or breast-feeding due to risk of defects in the child.

Excess of Vitamin D during pregnancy has increased the incidence of a syndrome consisting of supravalvular aortic stenosis, elfin facies, and mental retardation in humans.

During an attempt of blood sampling in nyala, it was found that Vitamin E levels varied during stress.

* Vitamin A ( Carotene ): There is little loss of carotene during preparation for freezing and freezing of most vegetables.

Among the many issues discussed were the Guidelines for Vitamin and Mineral Food Supplements, which were adopted during the meeting as new global safety guidelines: " The guidelines say people should be encouraged to select a balanced diet to get the sufficient amount of vitamins and minerals.

Gansbaai's economy received an economic boost in 1939 when a small factory was built to process sharks ' livers for Vitamin A and lubricant, which was in great demand during World War II.

Vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub > deficiency may cause, among several neurological abnormalities, overlapping cerebellar and sensory ataxia.

Calcium, Vitamin D, and phosphorus are inter-related ; the consumption of each may affect the absorption of the others.

Rarely, Komondors may have an autosomal recessive gene which prevents absorption of Vitamin B12.

Vitamin deficiencies may result in disease conditions, including goitre, scurvy, osteoporosis, impaired immune system, disorders of cell metabolism, certain forms of cancer, symptoms of premature aging, and poor psychological health ( including eating disorders ), among many others.

Because the body uses gastric acid to release B < sub > 12 </ sub > from food particles, decreased vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub > absorption may occur with long-term use of proton-pump inhibitors and may lead to Vitamin B12 deficiency.

Vitamin deficiencies and chronic infections may also occur at any age ; they usually cause other symptoms before dementia occurs, but occasionally mimic degenerative dementia.

Vitamin P may refer to:

Vitamin E does not decrease mortality in adults, even at large doses, and may slightly increase it.

Vitamin E also may help prevent the formation of blood clots, which could lead to a heart attack.

One study suggested that Vitamin E ( as alpha-tocopherol only ) supplementation may increase the risk for heart failure.

* Vitamin A deficiency may also result due to infection.

Vitamin E causes contact dermatitis in up to 33 % of users and in some cases it may worsen scar appearance.

Baking soda may react with acids in food, including Vitamin C ( L-ascorbic acid ).

However, many say that the risk of skin cancer from exposure to the sun outweighs the risk of cancers associated with deficiencies in Vitamin D. In particular, they contribute to a predisposition for hypovitaminosis D, which can lead to rickets or osteoporosis and may increase the risk of seizures in infants born to affected mothers.

Deficiency of Vitamin K may also contribute to bleeding disorders because clotting factor maturation depends on Vitamin K.