Vitamin E supplements have been found in some studies to increase mortality, congenital heart defects in offspring and an increased risk of stroke ( see the corresponding article ).

Vitamin E and vitamin K, as well as the ubiquinones, are examples of this class.

For example, Vitamin C can reactivate free radical-containing glutathione or Vitamin E by accepting the free radical itself.

Vitamin C and Vitamin E are also sometimes used as preservatives.

Vitamin E and olive oil can also create bacterial growth so avoid using them topically.

He also became a heavy advocate of dietary supplements, including Vitamin C, Lecithin granules, bee pollen, Shilajit, Vitamin E, rose hips ( liquid form ), wheat germ oil, Acerola – C and B-Folia.

Vitamin E refers to a group of eight fat-soluble compounds that include both tocopherols and tocotrienols.

Vitamin E has many biological functions ; the antioxidant function being the most important and / or best known.

* As an antioxidant, vitamin E acts as a peroxyl radical scavenger, preventing the propagation of free radicals in tissues, by reacting with them to form a tocopheryl radical which will then be oxidized by a hydrogen donor ( such as Vitamin C ) and thus return to its reduced state.

* Vitamin E also has an effect on gene expression.

* Vitamin E also plays a role in neurological functions, and inhibition of platelet aggregation.

* Vitamin E also protects lipids and prevents the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs.

Vitamin E deficiency can cause:

Vitamin E does not decrease mortality in adults, even at large doses, and may slightly increase it.

A potential confounding factor is the form of Vitamin E used in these studies.

As explained earlier, synthetic, racemic mixtures of Vitamin E isomers are not bioequivalent to natural, non-racemic mixtures, yet are widely used academically and commercially.

The study, cited above, showing a modest increase in cancer risk with Vitamin E supplementation, reported that over 90 % of its respondents used a racemic form of Vitamin E ( d, l-alpha-tocopherol ).

A meta-analysis of studies using Vitamin E, sorting results by the form ( racemic vs non-racemic ) used, is necessary.

Vitamin E may help prevent or delay coronary heart disease by limiting the oxidation of LDL-cholesterol.

Vitamin C is especially prone to oxidation during cooking and may be completely destroyed by protracted cooking.

Scurvy is a disease now known to be caused by a deficiency of Vitamin C, but in Lind's day, the concept of vitamins was unknown.

Vitamin C is necessary for the maintenance of healthy connective tissue.

Although plant-derived foods do not naturally contain B < sub > 12 </ sub >, some are fortified during processing with added B < sub > 12 </ sub > and other nutrients .< ref > Vitamin A, in the form of beta-carotene, is available from plants such as carrots and spinach.

( Vitamin D is the exception: it can be synthesized in the skin, in the presence of UVB radiation.

Some cannot be present in certain areas of free radical development ( Vitamin A is fat-soluble and protects fat areas, Vitamin C is water soluble and protects those areas ).

* Vitamin D deficiency: Low circulating Vitamin D is common among the elderly worldwide.

In renal disease, more active forms of Vitamin D such as cholecalciferol or ( 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or calcitriol which is the main biologically active form of vitamin D ) is used, as the kidney cannot adequately generate calcitriol from calcidiol ( 25-hydroxycholecalciferol ) which is the storage form of vitamin D. In vitamin D assays, vitamin D < sub > 2 </ sub > ( ergocalitrol ) is not accurately measured, therefore vitamin D < sub > 3 </ sub > ( cholecalciferol ) is recommended for supplementation.

In contrast to these coordination compounds, methylcobalamin ( a form of Vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub >), with a cobalt-methyl bond, is a true organometallic complex, one of the few known in biology.

The rose hip, usually from R. canina is used as a minor source of Vitamin C. The fruits of many species have significant levels of vitamins and have been used as a food supplement.

For example, a teaspoon of paprika contains about 1133 IU of Vitamin A, which is over 20 % of the recommended daily allowance specified by the US FDA.

Vitamin C is widespread in plant tissues, with particularly high concentrations occurring in citrus fruits ( oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruits ), tomatoes, potatoes, cabbages, and green peppers.

Vitamin C is destroyed by the process of pasteurization, so babies fed with ordinary bottled milk sometimes suffer from scurvy if they are not provided with adequate vitamin supplements.

Vitamin K is a group of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamins that are needed for the posttranslational modification of certain proteins required for blood coagulation and in metabolic pathways in bone and other tissue.

Vitamin K < sub > 2 </ sub > has several subtypes, one of which is involved in bone metabolism.

Vitamin K < sub > 1 </ sub >, the precursor of most vitamin K in nature, is a steroisomer of phylloquinone, an important chemical in green plants, where it functions as an electron accepter in photosystem I during photosynthesis.

Vitamin K ( in animals ) is involved in the carboxylation of certain glutamate residues in proteins to form gamma-carboxyglutamate ( Gla ) residues.

Zinc supplements often can help reduce the duration and severity of diarrhea, and Vitamin A can also be helpful.

Vitamin E containing products are commonly used in the belief that vitamin E is good for the skin ; many cosmetics include it, often labeled as tocopherol acetate, tocopheryl linoleate or tocopheryl nicotinate.

A diet high in animal fats ( often found in fast food ) and Vitamin A is also thought to have an effect on hair loss.

Vitamin deficiency is a common result of starvation, often leading to anemia, beriberi, pellagra, and scurvy.

* Vitamin B < sub > 22 </ sub >: often claimed as an ingredient of Aloe vera extracts but also in many other foods.

Calcium supplements and Vitamin B12 injections are not routinely required following gastric banding ( as is often the case with RNY, for example ).

As a result, Rumford's soup was often supplemented by corn or herring to supply Vitamin C and Vitamin D.

Particularly important was the Vitamin C content of 17. 1 milligrams per 100 grams as the winter meat-rich diet of the Plains Indians was often deficient in Vitamin C.

Anemia and nutritional deficiencies ( such as a deficiency in niacin, riboflavin, iron, or Vitamin E ) must be treated, often by dietary changes or other supplements.