Barge is attested from 1300, from Old French barge, from Vulgar Latin barga.

Bark " small ship " is attested from 1420, from Old French barque, from Vulgar Latin barca ( 400 ).

The expression " Common Era " can be found as early as 1708 in English, and traced back to Latin usage among European Christians to 1615, as vulgaris aerae, and to 1635 in English as Vulgar Era.

Tuscan would have come from the latest phases of Vulgar Latin ; Proto-Corsican from the Tuscan spoken on Corsica.

For example, a continuous chain of speakers across the centuries links Vulgar Latin to all of its modern descendants.

* Vulgar Latin and Late Latin among the uneducated and educated populations respectively of the Roman empire and the states that followed it in the same range no later than 900 AD ; medieval Latin and Renaissance Latin among the educated populations of western, northern, central and part of eastern Europe until the rise of the national languages in that range, beginning with the first language academy in Italy in 1582 / 83 ; new Latin written only in scholarly and scientific contexts by a small minority of the educated population at scattered locations over all of Europe ; ecclesiastical Latin, in spoken and written contexts of liturgy and church administration only, over the range of the Roman Catholic Church.

The word " Emerald " is derived ( via Old French: Esmeraude and Middle English: Emeraude ), from Vulgar Latin: Esmaralda / Esmaraldus, a variant of Latin Smaragdus, which originated in Greek: σμάραγδος ( smaragdos ; " green gem "); its original source being either the Sanskrit word मरकत marakata meaning " emerald " or the Semitic word baraq ( ב ָּ ר ָ ק ; الب ُ راق ; " lightning " or " shine ") ( cf.

There was a strong cultural evolution in Gaul under the Roman Empire, the most obvious one being the replacement of the Gaulish language by Vulgar Latin.

In fact the earliest surviving texts that can definitely be called Italian ( or more accurately, vernacular, as distinct from its predecessor Vulgar Latin ) are legal formulae from the Province of Benevento that date from 960 – 963.

From Vulgar Latin the Romance languages emerged.

Some scholars have suggested it is relevant to this debate that the legendary King Arthur's name only appears as Arthur, or Arturus, in early Latin Arthurian texts, never as Artōrius ( though it should be noted that Classical Latin Artōrius became Arturius in some Vulgar Latin dialects ).

The word òc came from Vulgar Latin hoc (" this "), while oïl originated from Latin hoc illud (" this it ").

Interestingly, at this face to face meeting, Boniface complained that he found Gregory ’ s Latin difficult to understand, a clear indication that Vulgar Latin had already started to evolve into the Romance languages.

The English word “ pear ” is probably from Common West Germanic pera, probably a loanword of Vulgar Latin pira, the plural of pirum, akin to Greek ἄπιος apios ( from Mycenaean ápisos ), which is likely of Semitic origin.

The Romance languages ( sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, Latin languages or Neo-Latin languages ) are all the related languages derived from Vulgar Latin and forming a subgroup of the Italic languages within the Indo-European language family.

Wright was part of the Bureau's Chicago counter-terrorism task force and involved in project Vulgar Betrayal which was linked to Yasin al-Qadi.

That word came from imbarrare, " to block " or " to bar ", which is a combination of in -, " in ", with barra, " bar " ( from the Vulgar Latin barra, which is of unknown origin ).< sup > 11 </ sup > The problem with this theory is that the first known usage of the word in Italian was by Bernardo Davanzati ( 1529 – 1606 ), long after the word had entered Spanish .< sup > 12 </ sup > Thus, modern scholars believe that the Italian word actually came from the Spanish one .< sup > 13 </ sup >

He wrote in form of late Vulgar Latin ; however, it has been argued that this was a deliberate ploy to ensure his works would reach a wide audience.

The word " Vulgar " in this usage comes from the Latin for " common ," as Vulgar Latin was the spoken language, and not from the English word meaning crude or objectionable.

The term " vulgar speech ", which later became " Vulgar Latin ", was used by inhabitants of the Roman Empire.

The original opposition was between formal or implied good Latin and informal or Vulgar Latin.

There was no single pronunciation of Vulgar Latin, and the pronunciation of Vulgar Latin in the various Latin-speaking areas is indistinguishable from the earlier history of the phonology of the Romance languages.

One profound change that affected Vulgar Latin was the reorganisation of its vowel system.

The expression " in Queer Street " was used in the UK as of the 1811 edition of Francis Grose's A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue for someone in financial trouble.

The word " locust " is derived from the Vulgar Latin locusta, which was originally used to refer to various types of crustaceans and insects ; English " lobster " is derived from Anglo-Saxon loppestre, which may come from Latin locusta.

As such, the spoken language evolved from a variant of Vulgar Latin and was influenced along the way by its geo-linguistic neighbors — Basque, Gascon ( Occitan ), Castilian, French, Aragonese and Catalan.

Ounce was borrowed twice: first into Old English as ynsan or yndsan from an unattested Vulgar Latin form with ts for c before i ( palatalization ) and second into Middle English through Anglo-Norman and Middle French ( unce, once, ounce ).

Duke Humphrey's Walk was the name of an aisle in Old St Paul's Cathedral near Duke Humphrey's tomb ( which, according to the 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, in reality was John of Gaunt's ), an area frequented by thieves and beggars.

In the book, A Vulgar Display Of Power, several of Gale's personal writings, given to the author by his mother, suggest that the gunman was not angry about Pantera's breakup or a belief that Pantera had " stolen songs "; instead, the documents suggest that Gale's paranoid schizophrenia caused delusions that the band could read his mind, and that they were " stealing " his thoughts and laughing at him.

" That word came from imbarrare, " to block ," or " bar ," which is a combination of in -, " in " with barra, " bar " ( from the Vulgar Latin barra, which is of unknown origin ).< sup > 6 </ sup > The problem with this theory is that the first known usage of the word in Italian was by Bernardo Davanzati ( 1529 – 1606 ), long after the word had entered Spanish .< sup > 7 </ sup >

" Vulgar Marxism " ( or codified dialectical materialism ) was seen as little other than a variety of economic determinism, with the alleged determination of the ideological superstructure by the economical infrastructure.

" Vulgar Marxism " was seen as little other than a variety of economic determinism, with the alleged determination of the ideological superstructure by the economical infrastructure.

That there was language-contact between Latin / Vulgar Latin speakers and speakers of indigenous Paleo-Balkan languages in the area is a certainty, however it is not known which Paleo-Balkan language or languages comprise the substratal influence in the Eastern Romance languages.

In 1889, Hermann Dessau, who had become increasingly concerned by the huge amount of anachronistic terms, Vulgar Latin vocabulary, and especially the host of obviously bogus proper names in the work, proposed that the six authors were all fictitious personae, and that the work was in fact composed by a single author in the late fourth century, probably in the reign of Theodosius I.

Vulgar Latin is any of the " nonstandard " ( as opposed to " classical ") forms of Latin from which the Romance languages developed.

Isidore's Latin, replete with nonstandard Vulgar Latin, some of which is identified as such, also stands at the cusp of Latin and the local Romance language of Hispania.

Francis Grose's A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue ( 1785 ) derives the term from the following story:

Works written in Latin during classical times used Classical Latin rather than Vulgar Latin ( originally called sermo vulgaris ), with very few exceptions ( most notably sections of Gaius Petronius ' Satyricon ).

Insight into the vocabulary of late Vulgar Latin in France can be seen in the Reichenau Glosses, written on the margins of a copy of the Vulgate Bible ( written in Classical Latin though intended for the vulgus ), suggesting that the 4th-century words of the Bible were no longer readily understood in the 8th century, when the glosses were likely written.

These glosses demonstrate typical vocabulary differences between Classical Latin and Vulgar Latin in Gallo-Romance:

* sī vīs " if you want " > sī volēs, Vulgar Latin * volēre, regularized from Classical velle " to want " ( French tu veux, Italian ( tu ) vuoi, Catalan ( tu ) vols, Romanian ( tu ) vrei or ( tu ) vei, " you want ")

In 1823 Egan produced an edition of Francis Grose's Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue ( 1785 et seq.

Thus Old Latin, Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin, etc., are not considered different languages, but are all referenced under the name of Latin.

This river's name is recorded in Anglo-Saxon times as Humbre ( Anglo-Saxon ) and Humbri ( Vulgar Latin dative ) / Umbri ( Classical Latin dative ).

* Francis Grose-A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue

In the 1796 edition of Grose's Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, " He cut off his nose to be revenged of his face.

It represents the phonetical evolution of Vulgar Latin * caldario for Classical Latin caldārium " hot bath ", that derives from cal ( i ) dus " hot ".

One of the earliest known examples is Latin, Classical Latin being the ( H ) and Vulgar Latin the ( L ).

Ferguson's own example was classical and spoken Arabic, but the analogy between Vulgar Latin and Classical Latin is of the same type.

Excluding the upper-class and lower-class register aspects of the two variants, Classical Latin was a literary language ; the people spoke Vulgar Latin as a vernacular.

Apicius is the title of a collection of Roman cookery recipes, usually thought to have been compiled in the late 4th or early 5th century AD and written in a language that is in many ways closer to Vulgar than to Classical Latin.

Classical Latin was the literary register of Latin, as opposed to the Vulgar Latin spoken across the Roman Empire.

Some literary works with low-register language from the Classical Latin period give a glimpse into the world of early Vulgar Latin.

The influence of Vulgar Latin was also apparent in the syntax of some medieval Latin writers, although Classical Latin continued to be held in high esteem and studied as models for literary compositions.

Drawing on his own fieldwork Grose also branched out into producing dictionaries, including the famous A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue ( 1785 ) and A Provincial Glossary, with a Collection of Local Proverbs, and Popular Superstitions ( 1787 ).

Other sources, such as the Oxford English Dictionary, say the word originated from the Old French word mastin ( Modern French mâtin ), the word being itself derived from Vulgar Latin * ma ( n ) suetinus " tame ", see Classical Latin mansuetus with same meaning.