* 1988 – In Israel, John Demjanuk is sentenced to death for war crimes committed in World War II.

* War crimes

More recently, ethnic conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina and genocide in Rwanda have been described as mass-based hate crimes, but the term " hate crime " did not really begin to be used until after World War II and the end of most major government-sanctioned racial cleansing projects that had been linked with official fascism.

Questioning a survivor's testimony, denouncing the role of Jewish collaborators, suggesting that Germans suffered during the bombing of Dresden or that any state except Germany committed crimes in World War II are all evidence of Holocaust denial – according to Deborah Lipstadt – and the most " insidious " forms of Holocaust denial are " immoral equivalencies ", denying the uniqueness of The Holocaust.

If " hate speech " is taken to mean ethnic agitation, it is prohibited in Finland and defined in the section 11 of the penal code, War crimes and crimes against humanity, as publishing data, an opinion or other statement that threatens or insults a group on basis of race, nationality, ethnicity, religion or conviction, sexual orientation, disability, or any comparable basis.

This first statement of the previously uncodified rules and articles of war led to the first prosecution for war crimes — in the case of United States prisoners of war held in cruel and depraved conditions at Andersonville, Georgia, in which the Confederate commandant of that camp was tried and hanged, the only Confederate soldier to be punished by death in the aftermath of the entire Civil War.

Despite a 1995 apology regarding World War II by Japanese Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama, tensions still remain, mostly because many Chinese feel there is a lack of true remorse for wartime crimes committed by Imperial Japanese forces.

* 1971 – The Winter Soldier Investigation, organized by the Vietnam Veterans Against the War to publicize war crimes and atrocities by Americans and allies in Vietnam, begin in Detroit, Michigan.

* 1976 – Japan completes its last reparation to the Philippines for war crimes committed during the imperial Japan's conquest of the country in the Second World War

Sartre served as a conscript in the French Army from 1929 to 1931 and he later argued in 1959 that each French person was responsible for the collective crimes during the Algerian War of Independence.

) He opposed the Vietnam War and, along with Bertrand Russell and others, organized a tribunal intended to expose U. S. war crimes, which became known as the Russell Tribunal in 1967.

# War crimes

Category: World War II crimes

Category: War crimes by the United States during World War II

* 1987 – Klaus Barbie goes on trial in Lyon for war crimes committed during World War II.

* 1970 – Vietnam War: Captain Ernest Medina is charged by the U. S. Military with My Lai war crimes.

Justice Minister Ricardo Gil Lavedra, who formed part of the 1985 tribunal judging the military crimes committed during the Dirty War would later go on record saying that " I sincerely believe that the majority of the victims of the illegal repression were guerrilla militants ".

* 1948 – In Tokyo, an international war crimes tribunal sentences seven Japanese military and government officials, including General Hideki Tojo, to death for their roles in World War II.

* 1865 – Major Henry Wirz, the superintendent of a prison camp in Andersonville, Georgia, is hanged, becoming the only American Civil War soldier executed for war crimes.

* 1999 – Maurice Papon, an official in the Vichy France government during World War II, is jailed for crimes against humanity.

In the Historiography of the Cold War, a controversy over negationist historical revisionism exists, where numerous revisionist scholars in the West have been accused of whitewashing the crimes of Stalinism, overlooking the Katyn massacre in Poland and disregarding the validity of the Venona messages with regards to Soviet espionage in the United States.

States that ratify the Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity agree to not allow limitations claims for these crimes.

Built upon the Nazi ideology, the SS under Heinrich Himmler's command was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II ( 1939 – 1945 ).

Tank armour has progressed from the Second World War armour forms, now incorporating not only harder composites, but also reactive armour designed to defeat shaped charges.

The conflict is often compared to World War I, in that the tactics used closely mirrored those of that conflict, including large scale trench warfare, manned machine-gun posts, bayonet charges, use of barbed wire across trenches, human wave attacks across no-man's land, and extensive use of chemical weapons such as mustard gas by the Iraqi government against Iranian troops and civilians as well as Iraqi Kurds.

By World War II, however, the practice was so widespread that during the Nuremberg trials, the charges against German Admiral Karl Dönitz for ordering unrestricted submarine warfare were dropped, notwithstanding that the activity constituted a clear violation of the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936.

The conflict has been compared to World War I in terms of the tactics used, including large scale trench warfare with barbed wire stretched across trenches, manned machine-gun posts, bayonet charges, human wave attacks across a no-man's land, and extensive use of chemical weapons such as mustard gas by the Iraqi government against Iranian troops, civilians, and Iraqi Kurds.

Riefenstahl ’ s prominence in the Third Reich, along with her personal association with Adolf Hitler, destroyed her film career following Germany's defeat in World War II, after which she was arrested but released without any charges.

Between the " scream of shells, the mighty onrush of charges, the grim and grisly aftermath of war ", Cease Firing is a romance novel involving the courtship of a Confederate soldier and a Louisiana plantation belle with Civil War illustrations by N. C. Wyeth.

An early method of disabling shaped charges developed during World War II was to apply thin skirt armor or meshwire at a distance around the hull and turret of the tank.

Debs, a forceful World War I antiwar activist, had been convicted under sedition charges brought by the Wilson administration for his opposition to the draft during World War I.

* March 26 – An article in the New York Times charges that Kurt Waldheim, former United Nations Secretary General and candidate for president of Austria, may have been involved in Nazi war crimes during World War II.

The application of shaped explosive charges to defeat armor emerged in murky circumstances in the years leading up to World War II.

Honecker then stayed in a Soviet military hospital near Berlin before later fleeing Germany with Margot Honecker to Moscow, to avoid prosecution over charges of Cold War crimes.

In another reassessment, Garfield supported articles of impeachment against President Andrew Johnson over charges that he violated the Tenure of Office Act by removing Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton.

Margaretha Geertruida " Margreet " Zelle ( 7 August 1876 – 15 October 1917 ), better known by the stage name Mata Hari, was a Dutch exotic dancer, courtesan, and accused spy who was executed by firing squad in France under charges of espionage for Germany during World War I.

In 1712, they alleged that he had been guilty of corruption as Secretary at War ; these charges, however, stemmed from political hatred rather than fact.

Wilson was becoming known as a left-winger and joined Aneurin Bevan and John Freeman in resigning from the government in April 1951 in protest at the introduction of National Health Service ( NHS ) medical charges to meet the financial demands imposed by the Korean War.

The British Army performed bayonet charges during the Falklands War ( see Battle of Mount Tumbledown ), the Second Gulf War, and the war in Afghanistan.

During the NATO aerial bombardment of Serbia, Arkan denied the war crime charges against him in interviews he gave to foreign reporters during the Kosovo War.

Two-inch ( approximately 50 mm ) and three-inch ( approximately 75 mm ) diameter, rocket Cordite SC charges were developed in great secrecy before World War II for anti-aircraft purposes — the so-called Z-gun batteries, utilising Unrotated Projectiles.

The Enormous Room is E. E. Cummings ' 1922 autobiographical novel about his imprisonment in France during World War I on unfounded charges of " espionage ", and it includes many picaresque depictions of his adventures as " an American in a French prison ".

Bevan was appointed Minister of Labour ( during which he helped to secure a deal for railwaymen which provided them with a big pay increase ) in 1951 but soon resigned in protest at Hugh Gaitskell's introduction of prescription charges for dental care and spectacles — created in order to meet the financial demands imposed by the Korean War.