In Weismann's opinion the largely random process of mutation, which must occur in the gametes ( or stem cells that make them ) is the only source of change for natural selection to work on.

Weismann's work on the demarkation between germ-line and soma can scarcely be appreciated without considering the work of ( mostly ) German biologists during the second half of the 19th century.

On the soon-to-be demolished stage of the Weismann Theatre, a reunion is being held to honor Weismann's " Follies " shows past, and the beautiful chorus girls who once performed there.

He reevaluates August Weismann's model of the cell compartmentalization of somatic and germline cell lineages ( see Weismann barrier ), and argues that the vision of the individual taken by the modern synthesis is insufficient to explain the early evolution of development or ontogeny.

Since he could see no obvious means of communication between the two he asserted that the inheritance of acquired characteristics was therefore impossible ; a conclusion now known as Weismann's barrier.

Weismann's idea was that the relationship between the hereditary material, which he called the germ plasm ( German, Keimplasma ), and the rest of the body ( the soma ) was a one-way relationship: the germ-plasm formed the body, but the body did not influence the germ-plasm, except indirectly in its participation in a population subject to natural selection.

Weismann's separation of germplasm ( genetic material ) from soma ( somatic cells ) was an idea which took many years before its significance was generally appreciated.

Lankester was one of the first to see its importance: his full acceptance of selection came after reading Weismann's essays, some of which he translated into English.

The part of Weismann's theory which proved most vulnerable was his notion that the germ plasm ( effectively, genes ) were successively reduced during division of somatic cells.

In the late 19th century, in a dispute between supporters of the adequacy of natural selection and those who held for inheritance of acquired characters, one of the arguments made repeatedly by Herbert Spencer, and followed by others, depended on what Spencer referred to as co-adaptation of co-operative parts, as in: " We come now to Professor Weismann's endeavour to disprove my second thesis — that it is impossible to explain by natural selection alone the co-adaptation of co-operative parts.

The story concerns a reunion in a crumbling Broadway theatre, scheduled for demolition, of the past performers of the " Weismann's Follies ," a musical revue ( based on the Ziegfeld Follies ), that played in that theatre between the World Wars.

Lamarckism fell from favour after August Weismann's research in the 1880s indicated that changes from use ( such as lifting weights to increase muscle mass ) and disuse ( such as being lazy and becoming scrawny ) were not heritable.

These two scientists ' complete rejection of Lamarckism came from Weismann's germ plasm theory.

A foundation from the inheritance of Weismann's mother allowed him to take up studies in Göttingen.

At the beginning of Weismann's preoccupation with evolutionary theory is his grappling with Christian creationism as a possible alternative.

Weismann's position towards mechanism of inheritance and its role for evolution changed during his life.

" He reasoned that, if August Weismann's theory of germ plasm is correct, the nation is wasting money when it tries to improve people who come from poor stock.

During the winter of 1896, while quarantined in a sanitarium recovering from tuberculosis, Spemann read August Weismann's book The Germ Plasm: A Theory of Heredity.

A new generation, nostalgic for the spectacle and perceived glamour of the classic American burlesque, developed a cult following for the art in the early 1990s at Billie Madley's " Cinema " and later at the " Dutch Weismann's Follies " revues in New York City, " The Velvet Hammer " troupe in Los Angeles and The Shim-Shamettes in New Orleans.

" Weismann's brief contained an appendix providing statistics showing that bakers ' mortality rates were comparable to that of white collar professionals.

Other evidence against Weismann's barrier is found in the immune system.

Though contrary to Darwin's view, Weismann's belief that determinants shape the body, and never vice versa, has long been known as the central dogma of modern biology.

Cases such as Dolly ( the famous cloned ewe ) which, via somatic cell nuclear transfer, proved that adult cells retain a complete set of information – as opposed to Weismann's increasingly determined gradual loss of genetic information – putting this aspect of Weismann's theory to rest.

Liberal ideas of free trade played a role in German unification, which was preceded by a customs union, the Zollverein.

Meaning, the history of ideas that preceded were rethought not lost.

Both Plato's cave and Platonism have meaningful, not just superficial connections, because Plato's ideas were preceded and probably influenced by the hugely popular Pythagoreans of ancient Greece, who believed that the world was, quite literally, generated by numbers.

The action principle is preceded by earlier ideas in surveying and optics.

* The National Gain, a pamphlet by Finnish-Swedish economist and politician Anders Chydenius which preceded The Wealth of Nations and which had many ideas similar to it

Further, in the entire discussion of ideas which preceded or followed the movement of ' 68, it is easy to find the place of those who, from near or from afar, had been trained by Canguilhem.

Transmutation of species was a term used by Jean Baptiste Lamarck in 1809 for his theory that described the altering of one species into another, and the term is often used to describe 19th century evolutionary ideas that preceded Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection.

At this time Hugh Schonfield's book about the fundamental ideas behind the Servant-Nation, The Politics of God, was published and received much interest, particularly because it had been preceded by the best-seller, The Passover Plot, which had created much discussion and aroused interest in the concept of Messianism.

Haikai no renga, in response to the stale set forms that preceded it, embraced this vulgar attitude and was typified by contempt for traditional poetic and cultural ideas, and by the rough, uncultured language that it used.

The registrations were preceded by a press report in which Hironobu Sakaguchi mentioned that the Chrono Cross team was interested in developing a new game in the Chrono series, and that script and story ideas were being considered.

Few people did more than Robert Wozniak, Professor of Psychology at Bryn Mawr College for the rediscovery of the significance of James Mark Baldwin in the History of ideas.

He was the first person to use the term genetics to describe the study of heredity and biological inheritance, and the chief populariser of the ideas of Gregor Mendel following their rediscovery in 1900 by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns.

Though later associated with Mendelian genetics, mutationism began in the 1890s ( prior to the rediscovery of Mendel ’ s laws ) with the studies of Hugo De Vries and William Bateson on naturally occurring discontinuous variations ; their thoughts concerning the role of discontinuity in evolution drew on earlier ideas of William Keith Brooks, Francis Galton, and Thomas Henry Huxley.

The American Historical Review wrote that Gregor argues that fascism " was a compelling and coherent synthesis of ideas generated by some of the most creative thinkers of our time.

It took the experiments of Gregor Mendel, presented in Experiments on Plant Hybridization, to finally provide a better model than the one proposed by blending inheritance, and to dismiss the myriad of other speculative ideas erupting at this time.

It was not until the early 20th century that Mendel's work was rediscovered and his ideas used to help form the modern synthesis.

When I try to work out my reasons for feeling that this passage is of critical significance, I come up with the following ideas, which I shall express very briefly here and revert to in a later essay.

By no means would we discourage the production of ideas: they provide raw materials with which to work ; ;

Understanding a work of art involves recognition of the ideas that it reflects or embodies.

Very likely it will also include a recognition that the work we are reading reflects or `` belongs to '' some way of thought labelled as a `` school '' or an `` -ism '', i.e. a complex or `` syndrome '' of ideas occurring together with sufficient prominence to warrant identification.

Usually the work studied offers us a special or even an individualized rendering or treatment of the ideas in question, so that the student finds it necessary to distinguish carefully between the several expressions of an `` -ism '' or mode of thought.

Philosophically, European agrarianism reflects the ideas of John Locke, who declared in his Second Treatise of Civil Government ( 1690 ) that those who work the land are its rightful owners.

Hume was disappointed with the reception of the Treatise, which " fell stillborn from the press ," as he put it, and so tried again to disseminate his more developed ideas to the public by writing a shorter and more polemical work.

Since Alexander's work in the field came at the turn of the century, his ideas influenced many originators in the field of mind-body improvement.

His work began to interest others interested in spiritual ideas ; among these was the Theosophical Society.

From 1900 on, thanks to the positive reception given to his ideas, Steiner focused increasingly on his work with the Theosophical Society becoming the secretary of its section in Germany in 1902.

It sets out Nimzowitsch's most important ideas, while his second most influential work, Chess Praxis, elaborates upon these ideas, adds a few new ones, and has immense value as a stimulating collection of Nimzowitsch's own games accompanied by his idiosyncratic, hyperbolic commentary which is often as entertaining as instructive.

In his later work, Quaestio disputata antequam erat Frater 46, he finally rejects the plurality of divine ideas, and this theme continues through the rest of his works.

On more than one occasion, Judge told the writers that one of their ideas for an episode of King of the Hill would work well for Beavis and Butt-Head ; eventually he concluded, " Maybe we should just actually make some good Beavis and Butt-Head episodes.

These may be brought about, for example, by such factors as poor management, lack of consultation with employees, personality conflicts which can result in people delaying or refusing to communicate, the personal attitudes of individual employees which may be due to lack of motivation or dissatisfaction at work, brought about by insufficient training to enable them to carry out particular tasks, or just resistance to change due to entrenched attitudes and ideas.

Hearst did occasionally work with or pitch ideas to cartoonists, most notably his continued support of George Herriman's Krazy Kat.

" A commonwealth of good counsaile " was the title of the 1607 English translation of the work of Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki " De optimo senatore " that presented to English readers many of the ideas present in the political system of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

While they shared ideas during their work, the younger Cézanne wanted to study the countryside through Pissarro ’ s eyes, as he admired Pissarro ’ s landscapes from the 1860s.

The concept of using a pair of axes was introduced in later work by commentators who were trying to clarify the ideas contained in Descartes ' La Géométrie.

In early 2000 Engelbart produced, with volunteers and sponsors, what was called The Unfinished Revolution – II, also known as the Engelbart Colloquium at Stanford University, to document and publicize his work and ideas to a larger audience ( live, and online ).

Instead of a mere reproduction of the Cyclopaedia, he persuaded Le Breton to enter upon a new work, which would collect all the active writers, ideas, and knowledge that were moving the cultivated class of the Republic of Letters to its depths but were comparatively ineffectual due to their dispersion.

This work was very unorthodox and had many forward-thinking ideas for the time.

It was believed that the Encyclopédie was the work of an organized band of conspirators against society, and that the dangerous ideas they held were made truly formidable by their open publication.

Much of Dennett's work since the 1990s has been concerned with fleshing out his previous ideas by addressing the same topics from an evolutionary standpoint, from what distinguishes human minds from animal minds ( Kinds of Minds ), to how free will is compatible with a naturalist view of the world ( Freedom Evolves ).

But Sapir's conservative ideas about marriage and the woman's role were anathema to Mead, as they had been to Benedict, and as Mead left to do field work in Samoa the two separated permanently.